First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Using a socio-legal framework, this book explores the experiences that birth mothers face in state sanctioned adoption proceedings in the UK. Featuring personal, in-depth interviews and conversations with 32 birth mothers, the book highlights perspectives and voices that are seldom the focus in leading discourses of professional practice in this area of law. The book also demands that the statutory rights, support and care of birth mothers are recognised and strengthened. This book delivers a comprehensive insight into many aspects and controversies of legal child adoption, including the development and reform of adoption law over history, giving the reader insight into the deep-rooted political and social tensions around the use of adoption. The uniqueness of birth mothers’ subjective stories of adoption contrasts powerfully with the legal theory providing the reader with an intimate paradigm of adoption. The book includes discussion of obiter dicta and authoritative guidance on adoption practice from the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal in Re B (A Child) (Care Proceedings: Appeal) [2013] UKSC 33 and Re B-S (Children) (Adoption: Leave to Oppose) [2013] EWCA Civ 1146. It also considers Court of Appeal’s recent ruling on post adoption contact in Re B (A Child) (Post-Adoption Contact) [2019] EWCA Civ 29, the first case to come before the court since section 9 of the Children and Families Act 2014 amended the Adoption and Children Act 2002, with the new insertion of section 51A and 51B providing for court ordered post adoption contact. This book is ideally suited to undergraduate students, as well as a more multi- disciplinary audience.

The fourth edition of Wills, Probate and Estates has been written to provide trainee solicitors with a clear and thorough understanding of current best practice in the area of wills, trusts, probate and the administration of estates. The manual takes into account recent changes in legislation, particularly the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009, the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 and certain relevant changes to the Capital Acquisitions Tax Consolidation Act 2003. The book outlines the basic elements of a will, familiarising trainees with the common law and statutory background enabling them to draft wills and simple trusts in accordance with statute and their clients' informed instructions. The manual goes on to deal with obtaining the necessary grant of representation on the death of a client, either with or without a will, and administering such an estate. Wills, Probate and Estates provides succinct and practical advice, provided by solicitors for solicitors, tackling questions of practice and procedure that are of central importance not only for students on the Professional Practice Course, but also to practitioners who deal with any area of wills, trusts, probate or the administration of estates.

The term victim refers to a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action. Victimology focuses on the victimization in terms of psychological effects, impact on criminal justice system and new policies and it is a major aspect in the area of forensic field. Victimization can occur due to abuse, assault, maltreatment, war, terrorism, crimes and it can happen in different settings like home, school, and public. In the past, more emphasis was given to perpetrators and various theories tried explain the behavior of perpetrator and their offences. Recently, researchers started focusing different aspects of victimology and explored risk factors for becoming victim, reasons for repeated victimization, and forensic, psychological and social dimensions of victims and consequences of victimization. But there is a need for new theories and researches to have more thorough understanding of victimization. The field of criminology dealt with crimes and various theories has developed to explain why crime occurs and more focused on perpetrators. A crime involves perpetrator and victim and not much attention has been given to the victim until recently. What happens to a victim, what are the psychological and social consequences of a harmful act to a victim, vulnerabilities to become a victim are getting serious attention now a days and started influencing the criminal justice system. The psychological and social impacts of victimization may be a short or long duration but the impacts cannot be ignored. The legal remedies and psychological healings are important aspects of victimization. While considering these factors, the book would be focusing on origin and scope of victimology, different types of victimization such as sexual abuse, domestic violence, maltreatment, cyber crimes, war and terrorism, natural calamities, victimization at school and work place, human trafficking, crime against persons, crime against property, white collar crime, elder abuse, victim with disabilities, secondary victim and re-victimization and its psychological impacts and related issues. The book would also focus on victimology and forensic factors and its influence on criminal justice system in addition to the psychological management of victimization.

One volume-reference work with approximately 300 entries Each entry will contain 5-8 references Entries will kept under 7 pages, with limited references and cross-referenced to 5 other topics in the encyclopdia

About the publication I am delighted to present to you, the reader, the fifteenth edition of the Pretoria Student Law Review (PSLR) with its Special Section on ‘Social Justice and COVID-19’. This year’s Annual Edition, together with the developments made during the year, is a testament to the growth, resilience, and adaptability of this student-driven initiative especially during these turbulent times. This year has also been one of reflection and remembrance as we publish this edition in tribute to the late Professor Christof Heyns whose instrumentality in the establishment of the Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) has brought us to where we are today. Fourteen years since its inception and the PSLR still continues to grow and evolve whilst remaining true to its thriving legacy in fostering excellence and innovation through legal writing. This publication’s uniqueness is also presented through its diverse contributions all addressing contemporary societal and legal issues under a broad range of legal disciplines. In an era of many continued ‘firsts’, the PSLR has strived to build on the legacy of its predecessors by expanding on the Journal’s visibility and accessibility. The PSLR’s digital presence has now grown substantially leading to an increase in quality submissions from institutions across the country. This year, the PSLR launched its first independent website and developed an official logo for the Journal and its online platforms. Authors are now able to submit their papers through the Open Journals System platform, track their workflow, manage their submissions, and submit at any time outside of the PSLR’s official call for submissions. We can firmly submit that we have, in pursuance of being a DHET accredited journal, fulfilled the standards set out by the Department of Higher Education and Training. Many thanks are extended to Makone Maja for developing the website. Your patience, guidance, and geniality are truly appreciated. Thank you also to Jakolien Strydom and ClickCreate for your charitable assistance in developing and designing the logo. To the authors, this year has, in many respects, been challenging with many of those challenges affecting students directly. We appreciate the dedicated efforts put into your submissions and your wholehearted cooperation throughout the entire process. Much appreciation is also extended to the reviewers who have selflessly committed to assisting the PSLR during the peer-review process. To all of the reviewers, your input, guidance, and recommendations are greatly appreciated. Phenyo Nomasonto Morwesi Sekati Editor-in-Chief 2020

This volume addresses the study of family law and society in Europe, from medieval to contemporary ages. It examines the topic from a legal and social point of view. Furthermore, it investigates those aspects of the new family legal history that have not commonly been examined in depth by legal historians. The volume provides a new 'global' interpretative key of the development of family law in Europe. It presents essays about family and the Christian influence, family and criminal law, family and civil liability, filiation (legitimate, natural and adopted children), and family and children labour law. In addition, it explores specific topics related to marriage, such as the matrimonial property regime from a European comparative perspective, and impediments to marriage, such as bigamy. The book also addresses topics including family, society and European juridical science.