The first comprehensive guide to the petrography of geomaterials, making the petrographers specialist knowledge available to practitioners, educators and students worldwide interested in modern and historic construction materials.

X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) scanning has been widely used for medical diagnosis. This technique is now attracting increasing interest as a tool in non-destructive testing in engineering. This book reports the early results of research into this application, with particular reference to deformation and failure of geomaterials. Presenting papers of the International Workshop on X-CT for Geomaterials at Kumamoto, Japan in 2003. The book is intended for researchers and professionals in the fields of geotechnical engineering, soil, rock and concrete engineering, and geology.

Papers from a session of the 32nd International Geological Congress.

Thin section petrography, geochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are key scientific methods used to investigate the raw materials, origins and production technology of archaeological pottery, ceramic building materials, ancient refractories and plaster. Using over 400 colour figures of a diverse range of artefact types and archaeological periods from 50 countries worldwide, this book outlines the mineralogical, chemical and microstructural composition of ancient ceramics and provides comprehensive guidelines for their scientific study within archaeology. The core of the book is dedicated to the versatile approach of ceramic petrography. This is complimented by a detailed account of the principles of bulk instrumental geochemistry, as well as the SEM microanalysis and XRD characterisation of ceramics. The book is intended as a reference manual for research as well as a course text for specialist training on scientific ceramic analysis.

Introduces readers to the enlightening world of the modern light microscope There have been rapid advances in science and technology over the last decade, and the light microscope, together with the information that it gives about the image, has changed too. Yet the fundamental principles of setting up and using a microscope rests upon unchanging physical principles that have been understood for years. This informative, practical, full-colour guide fills the gap between specialised edited texts on detailed research topics, and introductory books, which concentrate on an optical approach to the light microscope. It also provides comprehensive coverage of confocal microscopy, which has revolutionised light microscopy over the last few decades. Written to help the reader understand, set up, and use the often very expensive and complex modern research light microscope properly, Understanding Light Microscopy keeps mathematical formulae to a minimum—containing and explaining them within boxes in the text. Chapters provide in-depth coverage of basic microscope optics and design; ergonomics; illumination; diffraction and image formation; reflected-light, polarised-light, and fluorescence microscopy; deconvolution; TIRF microscopy; FRAP & FRET; super-resolution techniques; biological and materials specimen preparation; and more. Gives a didactic introduction to the light microscope Encourages readers to use advanced fluorescence and confocal microscopes within a research institute or core microscopy facility Features full-colour illustrations and workable practical protocols Understanding Light Microscopy is intended for any scientist who wishes to understand and use a modern light microscope. It is also ideal as supporting material for a formal taught course, or for individual students to learn the key aspects of light microscopy through their own study.

This book treats the mechanics of porous materials infiltrated with a fluid (poromechanics), focussing on its linear theory (poroelasticity). Porous materials from inanimate bodies such as sand, soil and rock, living bodies such as plant tissue, animal flesh, or man-made materials can look very different due to their different origins, but as readers will see, the underlying physical principles governing their mechanical behaviors can be the same, making this work relevant not only to engineers but also to scientists across other scientific disciplines. Readers will find discussions of physical phenomena including soil consolidation, land subsidence, slope stability, borehole failure, hydraulic fracturing, water wave and seabed interaction, earthquake aftershock, fluid injection induced seismicity and heat induced pore pressure spalling as well as discussions of seismoelectric and seismoelectromagnetic effects. The work also explores the biomechanics of cartilage, bone and blood vessels. Chapters present theory using an intuitive, phenomenological approach at the bulk continuum level, and a thermodynamics-based variational energy approach at the micromechanical level. The physical mechanisms covered extend from the quasi-static theory of poroelasticity to poroelastodynamics, poroviscoelasticity, porothermoelasticity, and porochemoelasticity. Closed form analytical solutions are derived in details. This book provides an excellent introduction to linear poroelasticity and is especially relevant to those involved in civil engineering, petroleum and reservoir engineering, rock mechanics, hydrology, geophysics, and biomechanics.

High temperature gas-solid reactions are ubiquitous on planetary bodies, distributing chemical elements over a range of geologic settings and temperatures. This volume reviews the critical role gas-solid reactions play in early solar system formation, volcanism, metamorphism and industrial processes. The field evidence, experimental and theoretical approaches for examining gas-solid reaction are presented, building on advances in fields outside of Earth Sciences. Computational chemistry techniques are used to probe the nature of molecular clusters and solvation in volcanic vapors and mineral-gas reaction mechanisms. Specialised analytical methods for characterising solid reaction products are included since these reactions commonly form thin or dispersed films and metastable minerals. Finally, the volume contains rich field examples, laboratory experiments and thermodynamic modelling and kinetics of gas-solid reactions on Earth, Venus and beyond.

All materials have voids in them, at some scale. Sometimes the voids are ignored, sometimes they are taken into account, and other times they are the focal point of the research. Voids in Materials: From Unavoidable Defects to Designed Cellular Materials takes due notice of all these occurrences, whether designed or unavoidable defects. We define, categorize, and characterize the voids (or empty spaces in materials) and we analyze the effects they have on material properties. This second edition is an updated and expanded central reference for voids in materials and covers all types of voids, intrinsic and intentional, and stochastic and nonstochastic, and the processes and conditions that are needed to create them and is a valuable resource to students in the areas of mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials science and engineering, physics, and chemistry, as well as scientists, researchers, and engineers in industry. - the effect of voids in materials; from low volume fraction defects and free volume in polymer networks to high void volume fraction foams and aerogels - how and why voids are introduced into materials across the length scales - biomaterial design used in vivo for soft, hard, and nerve tissue scaffolds - metallic and geopolymeric foams - additive manufacturing technologies used to tailor regularity (R) in the cell structure - stochastic, nonstochastic, and Voronoi foams - the latest techniques for characterizing voids - new chapters, covering the Kirkendall effect to create hollow and porous structures, and nanometer scale voids: nanotubes, zeolites, organic frameworks, and nanoporous noble metals