Caeculus IV opens with a dedication to professor Marianne Kleibrink on the occasion of her 60th birthday, followed by a complete list of her publications. The Proceedings of the 4th Fransum Colloquium start with an article of Christopher Smith, entitled "Ritualising the Economy". He presents a theoretical base for a correlation between ritual and economy. Smith outlines some recent theories which incorporate economic activity into ritual context, actions into thought or, as one could say, matter into mind. Furthermore, he tries to relate this theoretical framework to the archaeological evidence from Latium Vetus, the region on which his own research focuses. The results from the recent Dutch excavations in Italy at Satricum seem to correspond fairly well with the discussed theories. His paper offers, therefor, a suitable foundation for the following contributions, most of which concentrate on central Italy. The second contribution by Tsjeard Hoekstra deals with the biography of bronze hoards from Italy. Albert Nijboer continues the debate with a discussion of the significant changes in hoarding in central Italy from 800 to 500 BC. The fourth paper by Demetrius Waarsenburg and Hendrieneke Maas deals with the bronzes deposited in the early sanctuary at Satricum in Lazio. Jelle Bouma discusses the same shrine as the previous authors but during the subsequent period, the 5th and 4t centuries BC. He presents a report of his excavation of the second votive deposit at the main shrine of Satricum. Peter Attema presents in his paper evidence of a recent survey in the area around Sezze, ancient Setia. The paper by Marjan Galestin discusses Roman coin hoards in the Netherlands. The last paper, not related to the central topic of this issue, is by Patricia Roncoroni who studies children's graves in Latium during the early Iron Age.

This study examines the five extant large Imperial cameos of the Early Roman Empire as a coherent whole, revealing that these gemstones were a referential group with complex interrelationships. Power and Propaganda in the Large Imperial Cameos of the Early Roman Empire offers a feminist theory that explains why large Imperial cameos were in dialogue and why the medium appears with Octavian and disappears by the Flavian dynasty: female Imperial family members commissioned them to advance their husbands and sons. This volume is an introduction to large Imperial cameos and reveals their importance for the understanding of Roman art and iconography and the implications of its theorized Imperial female patronage. The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, classics, and archaeology.

Preliminary material /H. S. Versnel -- RELIGIOUS MENTALITY IN ANCIENT PRAYER /H. S. VERSNEL -- GIFTS FOR THE GODS /F. T. VANSTRATEN -- RELIGIOUS HISTORY AS THE HISTORY OF MENTALITY: THE 'BELIEVER' AS SERVANT OF THE DEITY IN THE GREEK WORLD /H. W. PLEKET -- GREEK HYMNS /J. M. BREMER -- PHILOSOPHERS, INTELLECTUALS AND RELIGION IN HELLAS /P. A. MEIJER -- Indices /H. S. Versnel -- Plates /H. S. Versnel.

From flowers and perfumes to urban sanitation and personal hygiene, smell—a sense that is simultaneously sublime and animalistic—has played a pivotal role in western culture and thought. Greek and Roman writers and thinkers lost no opportunity to connect the smells that bombarded their senses to the social, political and cultural status of the individuals and environments that they encountered: godly incense and burning sacrifices, seductive scents, aromatic cuisines, stinking bodies, pungent farmyards and festering back-streets. The cultural study of smell has largely focused on pollution, transgression and propriety, but the olfactory sense came into play in a wide range of domains and activities: ancient medicine and philosophy, religion, botany and natural history, erotic literature, urban planning, dining, satire and comedy—where odours, aromas, scents and stenches were rich and versatile components of the ancient sensorium. The first comprehensive introduction to the role of smell in the history, literature and society of classical antiquity, Smell and the Ancient Senses explores and probes the ways that the olfactory sense can contribute to our perceptions of ancient life, behaviour, identity and morality.

This book examines the application of drawing in the design process of classical architecture, exploring how the tools and techniques of drawing developed for architecture subsequently shaped theories of vision and representations of the universe in science and philosophy. Building on recent scholarship that examines and reconstructs the design process of classical architecture, John R. Senseney focuses on technical drawing in the building trade as a model for the expression of visual order, showing that the techniques of ancient Greek drawing actively determined concepts about the world. He argues that the uniquely Greek innovations of graphic construction determined principles that shaped the massing, special qualities and refinements of buildings and the manner in which order itself was envisioned.

Water played an important part of ancient Roman life, from providing necessary drinking water, supplying bath complexes, to flowing in large-scale public fountains. The Roman culture of water was seen throughout the Roman Empire, although it was certainly not monolithic and it could come in a variety of scales and forms, based on climatic and social conditions of different areas. This article seeks to define ‘water culture’ in Roman society by examining literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence, while understanding modern trends in scholarship related to the study of Roman water. The culture of water can be demonstrated through expressions of power, aesthetics, and spectacle. Further there was a shared experience of water in the empire that could be expressed through religion, landscape, and water’s role in cultures of consumption and pleasure.

By engaging with recent developments in the study of empires, this book examines how inhabitants of Roman imperial Syria reinvented expressions and experiences of Greek, Roman and Syrian identification. It demonstrates how the organization of Greek communities and a peer polity network extending citizenship to ethnic Syrians generated new semiotic frameworks for the performance of Greekness and Syrianness. Within these, Syria's inhabitants reoriented and interwove idioms of diverse cultural origins, including those from the Near East, to express Greek, Roman and Syrian identifications in innovative and complex ways. While exploring a vast array of written and material sources, the book thus posits that Greekness and Syrianness were constantly shifting and transforming categories, and it critiques many assumptions that govern how scholars of antiquity often conceive of Roman imperial Greek identity, ethnicity and culture in the Roman Near East, and processes of 'hybridity' or similar concepts.