Owen Chadwick describes the effects of the European Revolution of 1789 to 1815 on the Papacy, and compares Catholic Church of the ancient régime to that of the early nineteenth century. The book shows how strongly the Counter-Reformation still worked in Italy during the eighteenth century; how it was the constitutional development of states, rather than the incoming of new ideas, which forced change; how traditional was the Catholic world even in the age of the Enlightenment. It shows reform at work, and the fierce pressure on the Papacy marked first in the forced suppression of the Jesuits and afterwards in the kidnapping of two successive Popes by French governments. It shows how revolution in Italy affected church structures and brought on peasant war, yet encouraged, in a radical form, some improvements of church life towards which the earlier reformers had striven. Finally, it shows the political swing of the Restoration after the fall of Napoleon, the way in which the Church was already associated with the political right, the great difficulties of restoring church life after the evolutionary years, and the persistence, half unnoticed, of the earlier reforming ideas among Catholics.

Ethics book designed for Civil Services Examination conducted by UPSC with syllabus divided into three parts, i.e. 1) Part 1: Ethics and Integrity in Civil Services covering topics on: a) Overview of Ethics and its interface with Civil Services (Introduction - Essence of Ethics - Determinants of Ethics - consequences of Ethics in Human Actions - Dimensions of Ethics - Ethics in Private and Public Relationship) b) Foundations of Ethical Concepts and Theories (Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from India and World - Lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators - Role of Family, Society and Educational Institutions in inculcating Values) c) Ethical Dilemmas and Resolution (Status and problems - Ethical concerns and dilemmas in Government and Private Institutions - Laws, Rules, Regulations and Conscience as sources of Ethical guidance - Aptitude and Foundational Values for Civil Servants (Integrity, Impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker sections) - Accountability and Ethical Governance - Strengthening of Ethical and Moral values in Governance) d) Vital Decision Making (Concept of Public Service - Philosophical basis of Governance and Probity - Components of Decision Making) e) Creation of an Ethical Workplace (Information Sharing and Transparency in Government - Right to Information - Code of Ethics - Code of Conduct - Citizen's Charter - Work Culture - Quality of Service Delivery - Utilization of Public Funds) f) Interpersonal Skills of Civil Servant (Attitude: Content, structure, function, its influence and relation with thought and behaviour, moral and political attitudes, social influence and persuasion - Emotional Intelligence- Concepts and their utilities, Application of administration and governance) 2) Part 2: Upcoming trends on Ethics a) Challenges of Corruption in India (Defining Corruption and its scale of presence in India - Corruption in administration - Harmful impacts of Bureaucratic Corruption - Solutions - Whistle-blowing - Reasons of it - Risks involved - Best practices from other nations and its future in India) b) Ethics beyond Public Services (Ethical issues in International Relations - Ethical issues in Funding (International Funding) - Ethical issues in Corporate Governance) 3) Part 3: Questions and Answers to Previous Year Solved Papers from 2013 to 2019

In this book, the author engages with the critical histories of two literary titans, illuminating how Dostoevsky reacted to, challenged, adapted, and ultimately transformed the work of his predecessor Pushkin. Focusing primarily on Dostoevsky's works through 1866 - including Poor Folk, The Double, Mr. Prokharchin, The Gambler, and Crime and Punishment - the author observes that the younger writer's way to literary greatness was not around Pushkin, but through him.

This book contains model answers to the questions and case studies asked in General Studies-IV (GS-4) Civil Services Mains Paper from 2013 to 2019 with detailed information on the background/framework of the question/likely answer. It is important to note that as a subject in Civil Services Examination, GS-4 is the only subject where we have comparatively well defined syllabus and paper pattern. Because of this, each individual can score good marks in the paper with lesser efforts as compared to other General Studies Papers, i.e. if you dedicate 15-20 days to this subject, you will not just learn about the complete subject but you can score much more as compared to other General Studies paper, as they require much more time because of their dynamic nature. If we consider the previous year question Papers of General Studies-IV, the questions were divided into two parts as: 1. Theory-based Questions (based on the theoretical aspects of the ethics), and 2. Case Studies (based on the actual or probable life situations). The answers are divided into two portions with first one detailing about the framework of the answer or background of the question, giving details about the basic idea of the question or the form of case study. The second part is the model answer giving wider inputs on the question. We hope that wider considerations will help the reader in understanding the question and how to structure the answer, based on the question.

Maintaining that women's storytelling is a telling activity, Karen McPherson "reads for guilt" in novels by five twentieth-century writers--Simone de Beauvoir (L'Invitée), Marguerite Duras (Le ravissement de Lol V. Stein), Anne Hébert (Kamouraska), Virginia Woolf (Mrs. Dalloway), and Nicole Brossard (Le désert mauve). She finds in the vocabulary and atmosphere of these novels a linking of female protagonists to crime and culpability. The guilt, however, is not clearly imputed or assumed; it tends to trouble the conscience of the entire narrative. Through critical close readings and an inquiry into the interrelations among narration, transgression, and gender, McPherson explores how the women in the stories come under suspicion and how they attempt to reverse or rewrite the guilty sentence. The author examines the complex process and language of incrimination, reflecting on its literary, philosophical, social, and political manifestations in the texts and contexts of the five novels. She looks for signs of possible subversion of the incriminating process within the texts: Can female protagonists (and women writers) escape the vicious circling of the story that would incriminate them? In the course of this book, the stories are made to reveal their strikingly modern and postmodern preoccupations with survival.

Can the Hippocratic and Judeo-Christian traditions be synthesized with contemporary thought about practical reason, virtue and community to provide real-life answers to the dilemmas of healthcare today? Bishop Anthony Fisher discusses conscience, relationships and law in relation to the modern-day controversies surrounding stem cell research, abortion, transplants, artificial feeding and euthanasia, using case studies to offer insight and illumination. What emerges is a reason-based bioethics for the twenty-first century; a bioethics that treats faith and reason with equal seriousness, that shows the relevance of ancient wisdom to the complexities of modern healthcare scenarios and that offers new suggestions for social policy and regulation. Philosophical argument is complemented by Catholic theology and analysis of social and biomedical trends, to make this an auspicious example of a new generation of Catholic bioethical writing which has relevance for people of all faiths and none.

Philip II is a fascinating and enigmatic figure in Spanish history, but it was his letrados--professional bureaucrats and ministers trained in law--who made his vast castilian empire possible. In Juan de Ovando, Stafford Poole traces the life and career of a key minister in the king's government to explore the role that letrados played in Spanish society as they sought to displace the higher nobility in the administration through a system based upon merit. Juan de Ovando was an industrious, discerning, and loyal servant, yet, like all letrados, he owed his position to royal favor. Ovando began his career as an ecclesiastical judge and inquisitor in Seville. From there, at the king's order, he undertook the reform of the University of Alcalá de Henares, one of his most enduring achievements. Appointed then to the supreme council of the Spanish Inquisition, Ovando was commissioned to investigate the Council of the Indies, over which he eventually presided. In this role, Ovando began codifying laws and collecting information about Spain's overseas possessions through the famed Relaciones geográficas--wide-ranging surveys of daily life in the New World. He devised long-term and forward-looking colonial policies for New Spain while, also serving as president of the Council of Finance, he sought to bring order to Spain's chaotic financial situation. Poole's biography of Juan de Ovando provides an intimate view of the day-to-day influence letrados wielded over the Spanish colonial machine.

Robert N. McCauley and E. Thomas Lawson are considered the founders of the field of the cognitive science of religion. Since its inception over twenty years ago, the cognitive science of religion has raised questions about the philosophical foundations and implications of such a scientific approach. This volume from McCauley, including chapters co-authored by Lawson, is the first book-length project to focus on such questions, resulting in a compelling volume that addresses fundamental questions that any scholar of religion should ask. The essays collected in this volume are those that initially defined this scientific field for the study of religion. These essays deal with issues of methodology, reductionism, resistance to the scientific study of religion, and other criticisms that have been lodged against the cognitive science of religion. The new final chapter sees McCauley reflect on developments in this field since its founding. Tackling these debates head on and in one place for the first time, this volume belongs on the shelf of every researcher interested in this now established approach to the study of religion within a range of disciplines, including religious studies, philosophy, anthropology and the psychology of religion.

Jane Addams was the first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Now Citizen, Louise W. Knight's masterful biography, reveals Addams's early development as a political activist and social philosopher. In this book we observe a powerful mind grappling with the radical ideas of her age, most notably the ever-changing meanings of democracy. Citizen covers the first half of Addams's life, from 1860 to 1899. Knight recounts how Addams, a child of a wealthy family in rural northern Illinois, longed for a life of larger purpose. She broadened her horizons through education, reading, and travel, and, after receiving an inheritance upon her father's death, moved to Chicago in 1889 to co-found Hull House, the city's first settlement house. Citizen shows vividly what the settlement house actually was—a neighborhood center for education and social gatherings—and describes how Addams learned of the abject working conditions in American factories, the unchecked power wielded by employers, the impact of corrupt local politics on city services, and the intolerable limits placed on women by their lack of voting rights. These experiences, Knight makes clear, transformed Addams. Always a believer in democracy as an abstraction, Addams came to understand that this national ideal was also a life philosophy and a mandate for civic activism by all. As her story unfolds, Knight astutely captures the enigmatic Addams's compassionate personality as well as her flawed human side. Written in a strong narrative voice, Citizen is an insightful portrait of the formative years of a great American leader. “Knight’s decision to focus on Addams’s early years is a stroke of genius. We know a great deal about Jane Addams the public figure. We know relatively little about how she made the transition from the 19th century to the 20th. In Knight’s book, Jane Addams comes to life. . . . Citizen is written neither to make money nor to gain academic tenure; it is a gift, meant to enlighten and improve. Jane Addams would have understood.”—Alan Wolfe, New York Times Book Review “My only complaint about the book is that there wasn’t more of it. . . . Knight honors Addams as an American original.”—Kathleen Dalton, Chicago Tribune