Imam al-Ghazali explores the meaning and significance of fraternity in Islam in this brilliant essay from his seminal work, The Revival of the Religious Sciences, which covers material assistance, personal aid, holding one's tongue, speaking out, forgiveness, loyalty, sincerity, and informality. Table of Contents: Foreward Translator's Foreword Introduction: the Time and Place of al-Ghazali Al-Ghazali: On the Duties of Brotherhood The First Duty: Material Assistance The Second Duty: Personal Aid The Third Duty: Holding One's Tongue The Fourth Duty: Speaking Out The Fifth Duty: Forgiveness The Sixth Duty: Prayer The Seventh Duty: Loyalty and Sincerity The Eighth Duty: Informality Postscript Translator's Notes Imam al-Ghazali (1058–1111 CE) of Tus in Iran was one of the greatest scholars in the history of Islamic thought. He made outstanding contributions in logic, philosophy, jurisprudence, legal theory, and mysticism.

This four volume set is dedicated to the work of Emile Durkheim, one of the most important and prolific sociologists in the field, who is commonly cited as a founding father of modern social science. With volumes published between 1975 and 1991, this collection brings together a range of modern critical responses to Durkheim's work across a broad range of topics, including: epistemology, modernism and post-modernism, theories of social order, and the rise and development of modern society. The authors in the collection also draw important comparisons between Durkheim and other seminal sociologists, including Max Weber and Claude Bernard. For institutional purchases for e-book sets please contact online.sales@tandf.co.uk (customers in the UK, Europe and Rest of World)

This work examines the lives of four female characters in the Bible: Naomi, Ruth, Tamar and Esther. Their stories differ significantly from those of most female Biblical characters in that each woman is depicted without a dominant male companion and each is featured in the Bible's more secular texts. The author evaluates each character's role as a female protagonist, and demonstrates how each story represents an innovative view of religion and a revisionist evaluation of women's roles. Finally, the author proposes that these narratives may have been authored by women. Appendices provide additional information about Boaz, Judah and Tamar, Greek versions of the Book of Esther, Mordecai's decree, and literacy in ancient Israel. Includes a glossary and timeline.

The founders of the United States were well aware of religious differences in the new nation. Oppression had forced varied European religious groups to seek homes elsewhere, some in the new world of America. Governmental pressures toward conformity in religion had in the past led to corruption and civil strife. Thus, Congress made a dual assertion in its First Amendment to the Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." However, the ethical foundations of American society--and therefore its laws--intermingle with the moral codes of religions, including the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments. This handbook helps bring understanding and meaning to the controversies that have arisen in present day society over the application of the Ten Commandments to public law and moral problems. Applications can be logical and legal, or can violate the separation of church and state called for in the First Amendment. Part One provides background on the Ten Commandments. It gives the various versions found in the Old Testament, and explains the non-Israelite influences on those versions (the Hammurabi Code, for example). The moral thinking of the ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Hebrew cultures is examined. The modern Jewish tradition is detailed, as well as the different interpretations placed on the Ten Commandments by Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans and other Protestants. Part Two focuses on the modern controversies, assessing the differing sides of each. Among the many controversies covered are government funding of faith-based charities, posting the Ten Commandments in public buildings, science versus religion in schools, prayer in public places, blue laws, stem cell research, cloning, euthanasia, capital punishment, abortion and war, racial profiling and covenant marriages.

The aim of this anthology is to identify the key texts from sixteen contributing countries, which have influenced the conception and development of human rights. The selection illustrates the great diversity of national circumstances, systems of government and historical situations involved, and also shows that, in spite of different starting points, the routes taken all lead to similar destinations. The contributing countries are: Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Norway, Poland, Romania, Holy See, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine. The appendices include the text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789.