The Seventh National Population Census (NPC) results show that China's population structure has undergone profound changes. While the rates of education penetration and urbanization continue to rise, issues such as population aging and low fertility rates have become prominent. Population is the core factor influencing economic growth, and its structural changes will bring numerous opportunities and challenges for China's future economic development. Currently, most of the research on the economic effects of population structure mainly focus on constructing a certain static panels to analyze certain demographic factors, lacking consideration of the wholeness and correlation aspects of population structure. Moreover, the design of models seldom incorporate the intrinsic dynamics and convergence of economic growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to construct a dynamic panel model and systematically study the impact of various demographic factors on regional economic growth and convergence, so as to understand and grasp the demographic changes in China and promote the coordinated development of regional economy. Based on a comprehensive review of the theoretical literature, this book first conducts a systematic analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution patterns of China's national and regional population structure and regional economic development. Second, it identifies the mechanism through which population structure affects regional economic growth and convergence and proposes research hypotheses. Subsequently, based on the neoclassical economic growth convergence model, a dynamic model is constructed to examine the influence of population structure on regional economic growth and convergence. Using panel data on population structure and economic growth from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government, an empirical analysis is conducted using the SYS-GMM method. Additionally, a heterogeneity analysis is conducted with samples from the eastern, central, and western regions. Furthermore, taking into account the reality of shortened spatial and temporal distances and intensified population mobility between regions, a spatial econometric model is constructed to analyze the spatial spillover effect of population structure on regional economic growth. The current research theory for interfacial loess landslides is relatively lagging behind. Therefore, this book provides a detailed theoretical study on the failure mechanism and calculation model of interface type loess landslides, and provides a clear theoretical derivation process and application methods. The research process involves interdisciplinary research in soil mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics, fracture mechanics, structural mechanics, theoretical mechanics, and other disciplines, which not only reflects the multi-angle nature of research issues, but also reflects the multi-scale nature of research issues. The conclusions of the study as follows: changes in the gender structure of the population do not have a significant impact on the speed of national and regional economic growth. On the other hand, an increase in the gender ratio in the western region may promote economic growth convergence. Secondly, population aging can reduce labor supply and savings rate, inhibit innovation, thereby impeding regional economic growth and convergence. The influence of the rate of urbanization on economic growth shows an inverted U-shaped pattern. Initially, urbanization promotes economic growth, but excessive urbanization may hinder it. The eastern region has the highest urbanization rate and experiences an inverted U-shaped impact on economic growth, whereas the central and western regions benefit from linearly positive effects of urbanization. Moreover, the improvement of urbanization rate is one of the most important factors promoting regional economic growth convergence. The enhancement of the population's educational level can promote total factor productivity and human capital in the country as a whole and each region, thereby driving economic growth. It also stands as one of the most crucial factors promoting regional economic growth. Additionally, considering spatial factors, the aging of the population has a positive effect on the interaction of regional economic growth. Based on the above conclusions, this book proposes the following policy recommendations: First, adhere to the concept of gender equality and alleviate the pressure caused by the "marriage squeeze". Second, improve the pension system and vigorously develop the "silver economy". Third, promote the coordinated development of new urbanization and prevent "pseudo-urbanization" and "counter-urbanization". Fourth, implement the three major strategies of innovation-driven, science and education revitalization, and talent power. Fifth, strive to promote the upgrading of the employment structure and give full play to the important role of the tertiary industry in absorbing labor.

Following theseminal Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics: Volume I , this second volume brings together the finestacademicsworking in econometrics today andexploresapplied econometrics, containing contributions onsubjects includinggrowth/development econometrics and applied econometrics and computing.

Development economics is a branch of economics which largely deals with the economic aspects of the development process in developing countries with a focus on methods of promoting economic growth while also dealing "with the economic, social, political and institutional mechanisms, both public and private, necessary to bring about rapid...and large-scale improvements in levels of living for the peoples" living in developing countries. This new book presents the latest research in this growing field.

The new Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics: Cities and Geography reviews, synthesizes and extends the key developments in urban and regional economics and their strong connection to other recent developments in modern economics. Of particular interest is the development of the new economic geography and its incorporation along with innovations in industrial organization, endogenous growth, network theory and applied econometrics into urban and regional economics. The chapters cover theoretical developments concerning the forces of agglomeration, the nature of neighborhoods and human capital externalities, the foundations of systems of cities, the development of local political institutions, regional agglomerations and regional growth. Such massive progress in understanding the theory behind urban and regional phenomenon is consistent with on-going progress in the field since the late 1960's. What is unprecedented are the developments on the empirical side: the development of a wide body of knowledge concerning the nature of urban externalities, city size distributions, urban sprawl, urban and regional trade, and regional convergence, as well as a body of knowledge on specific regions of the world—Europe, Asia and North America, both current and historical. The Handbook is a key reference piece for anyone wishing to understand the developments in the field.

The most recent account of what is going on in the fast changing world and Chinese economics. Topics in the book include economic development, banking and finance, education reform, consumption patterns, the impact of social networking, population dynamics, policy making, and the challenges ahead for the rising economic global superpower.

In 2011, following years of large-scale external imbalances financed by debt, Portugal’s economy reached a crisis point. To restore economic growth and credibility with international lenders, the country embarked on a difficult path of fiscal adjustment and structural reforms. By many metrics, Portugal’s 2011–14 macroeconomic stabilization program has been a success, but going forward Portugal would benefit from policies to reduce vulnerabilities, absorb labor slack, and generate sustainable growth.

This book is the first of its kind to systematically analyze and apply Lim Chong Yah's S-Curve Hypothesis to the various facets of economic growth and economic transition. By augmenting the mathematical and economical sophistication of the hypothesis, this book extends the S-Curve hypothesis to provide further insight into economic growth and transition.It also utilizes a construction of a stochastic growth model to provide the microeconomic foundation for the S-Curve hypothesis. This model resolves the puzzle of why some developing countries experience economic take-off, while others do not. The book analyzes and extends discussion on the S-Curve, and also applies the S-Curve hypothesis to predict long-term growth in Japan and Singapore. It serves as an excellent resource for people interested in Lim's growth theory.

Cities and regions represent the driving force of development in economic, social, and cultural life and reflect the spatial organization of human society. Furthermore, strategic urban regions are becoming increasingly important players in the global economy, as the impact of national states decreases while the impact of cities and urban regions is increasing. The process of globalization is reflected in the tendency for gaining competitiveness and efficiencies of global trends. Once cities and regions have identified where they are, they need to decide where they want to be in the future. And to do this, they need to understand the significant trends that will influence the direction in which the future unfolds. Managing the identified capitals (four of them are subject of the sections in this book) effectively means taking a holistic approach, since each of the capitals depends on the others. The necessity of taking a holistic approach is one of the themes to emerge particularly strongly from the knowledge-based economy.

Convergence and spillovers across countries and within countries are old, but recurrent policy concerns, and India is no exception to this rule. This paper examines convergence and spillovers across Indian states using non-stationary panel data techniques. Results on convergence among Indian states are generally found to be similar, but more nuanced, than previous studies. Generally speaking, there is evidence of divergence over the entire sample period, convergence during sub-periods corresponding to structural breaks, and club convergence. There is strong evidence of club convergence among the high- and low-income states; the evidence for middle-income states is mixed. Dynamic spillover effects among states are small.

The Handbooks in Economics series continues to provide the various branches of economics with handbooks which are definitive reference sources, suitable for use by professional researchers, advanced graduate students, or by those seeking a teaching supplement.The Handbook of Economic Growth, edited by Philippe Aghion and Steven Durlauf, with an introduction by Robert Solow, features in-depth, authoritative survey articles by the leading economists working on growth theory.Volume 1A, the first in this two volume set, covers theories of economic growth, the empirics of economic growth, and growth policies and mechanisms.Volume 1B, the second in this two volume set, covers technology, trade and geography, and growth and socio-economic development.