This book consists of selected papers written by the founder of fuzzy set theory, Lotfi A Zadeh. Since Zadeh is not only the founder of this field, but has also been the principal contributor to its development over the last 30 years, the papers contain virtually all the major ideas in fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems in their historical context. Many of the ideas presented in the papers are still open to further development. The book is thus an important resource for anyone interested in the areas of fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems, as well as their applications. Moreover, the book is also intended to play a useful role in higher education, as a rich source of supplementary reading in relevant courses and seminars.The book contains a bibliography of all papers published by Zadeh in the period 1949-1995. It also contains an introduction that traces the development of Zadeh's ideas pertaining to fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic, and fuzzy systems via his papers. The ideas range from his 1965 seminal idea of the concept of a fuzzy set to ideas reflecting his current interest in computing with words ? a computing in which linguistic expressions are used in place of numbers.Places in the papers, where each idea is presented can easily be found by the reader via the Subject Index.

What is fuzzy logic?--a system of concepts and methods for exploring modes of reasoning that are approximate rather than exact. While the engineering community has appreciated the advances in understanding using fuzzy logic for quite some time, fuzzy logic's impact in non-engineering disciplines is only now being recognized. The authors of Fuzzy Logic in Geology attend to this growing interest in the subject and introduce the use of fuzzy set theory in a style geoscientists can understand. This is followed by individual chapters on topics relevant to earth scientists: sediment modeling, fracture detection, reservoir characterization, clustering in geophysical data analysis, ground water movement, and time series analysis.George Klir is the Distinguished Professor of Systems Science and Director of the Center for Intelligent Systems, Fellow of the IEEE and IFSA, editor of nine volumes, editorial board member of 18 journals, and author or co-author of 16 booksForeword by the inventor of fuzzy logic-- Professor Lotfi Zadeh

The term "fuzzy logic," as it is understood in this book, stands for all aspects of representing and manipulating knowledge based on the rejection of the most fundamental principle of classical logic---the principle of bivalence. According to this principle, each declarative sentence is required to be either true or false. In fuzzy logic, these classical truth values are not abandoned. However, additional, intermediate truth values between true and false are allowed, which are interpreted as degrees of truth. This opens a new way of thinking---thinking in terms of degrees rather than absolutes. For example, it leads to the definition of a new kind of sets, referred to as fuzzy sets, in which membership is a matter of degree. The book examines the genesis and development of fuzzy logic. It surveys the prehistory of fuzzy logic and inspects circumstances that eventually lead to the emergence of fuzzy logic. The book explores in detail the development of propositional, predicate, and other calculi that admit degrees of truth, which are known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense. Fuzzy logic in the broad sense, whose primary aim is to utilize degrees of truth for emulating common-sense human reasoning in natural language, is scrutinized as well. The book also examines principles for developing mathematics based on fuzzy logic and provides overviews of areas in which this has been done most effectively. It also presents a detailed survey of established and prospective applications of fuzzy logic in various areas of human affairs, and provides an assessment of the significance of fuzzy logic as a new paradigm.

Every day decision making in complex human-centric systems are characterized by imperfect decision-relevant information. The principal problems with the existing decision theories are that they do not have capability to deal with situations in which probabilities and events are imprecise. In this book, we describe a new theory of decision making with imperfect information. The aim is to shift the foundation of decision analysis and economic behavior from the realm bivalent logic to the realm fuzzy logic and Z-restriction, from external modeling of behavioral decisions to the framework of combined states.This book will be helpful for professionals, academics, managers and graduate students in fuzzy logic, decision sciences, artificial intelligence, mathematical economics, and computational economics.

Fuzzy logic techniques have had extraordinary growth in various engineering systems. The developments in engineering sciences have caused apprehension in modern years due to high-tech industrial processes with ever-increasing levels of complexity. Advanced Fuzzy Logic Approaches in Engineering Science provides innovative insights into a comprehensive range of soft fuzzy logic techniques applied in various fields of engineering problems like fuzzy sets theory, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system, and hybrid fuzzy logic genetic algorithms belief networks in industrial and engineering settings. The content within this publication represents the work of particle swarms, fuzzy computing, and rough sets. It is a vital reference source for engineers, research scientists, academicians, and graduate-level students seeking coverage on topics centered on the applications of fuzzy logic in high-tech industrial processes.

This book presents recent research in intelligent and fuzzy techniques on digital transformation and the new normal, the state to which economies, societies, etc. settle following a crisis bringing us to a new environment. Digital transformation and the new normal-appearing in many areas such as digital economy, digital finance, digital government, digital health, and digital education are the main scope of this book. The readers can benefit from this book for preparing for a digital “new normal” and maintaining a leadership position among competitors in both manufacturing and service companies. Digitizing an industrial company is a challenging process, which involves rethinking established structures, processes, and steering mechanisms presented in this book. The intended readers are intelligent and fuzzy systems researchers, lecturers, M.Sc., and Ph.D. students studying digital transformation and new normal. The book covers fuzzy logic theory and applications, heuristics, and metaheuristics from optimization to machine learning, from quality management to risk management, making the book an excellent source for researchers.

Handbook of Whale Optimization Algorithm: Variants, Hybrids, Improvements, and Applications provides the most in-depth look at an emerging meta-heuristic that has been widely used in both science and industry. Whale Optimization Algorithm has been cited more than 5000 times in Google Scholar, thus solving optimization problems using this algorithm requires addressing a number of challenges including multiple objectives, constraints, binary decision variables, large-scale search space, dynamic objective function, and noisy parameters to name a few. This handbook provides readers with in-depth analysis of this algorithm and existing methods in the literature to cope with such challenges. The authors and editors also propose several improvements, variants and hybrids of this algorithm. Several applications are also covered to demonstrate the applicability of methods in this book. Provides in-depth analysis of equations, mathematical models and mechanisms of the Whale Optimization Algorithm Proposes different variants of the Whale Optimization Algorithm to solve binary, multiobjective, noisy, dynamic and combinatorial optimization problems Demonstrates how to design, develop and test different hybrids of Whale Optimization Algorithm Introduces several application areas of the Whale Optimization Algorithm, focusing on sustainability Includes source code from applications and algorithms that is available online

Artificial Intelligence is a component of Encyclopedia of Technology, Information, and Systems Management Resources in the global Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), which is an integrated compendium of twenty Encyclopedias. The Theme on Artificial Intelligence provides the essential aspects and fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence: Definition, Trends, Techniques, and Cases; Logic in Artificial Intelligence (AI); Computational Intelligence; Knowledge Based System Development Tools. It is aimed at the following five major target audiences: University and College Students, Educators, Professional Practitioners, Research Personnel and Policy Analysts, Managers, and Decision Makers.

The notion of Fuzziness stands as one of the really new concepts that have recently enriched the world of Science. Science grows not only through technical and formal advances on one side and useful applications on the other side, but also as consequence of the introduction and assimilation of new concepts in its corpus. These, in turn, produce new developments and applications. And this is what Fuzziness, one of the few new concepts arisen in the XX Century, has been doing so far. This book aims at paying homage to Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh, the “father of fuzzy logic” and also at giving credit to his exceptional work and personality. In a way, this is reflected in the variety of contributions collected in the book. In some of them the authors chose to speak of personal meetings with Lotfi; in others, they discussed how certain papers of Zadeh were able to open for them a new research horizon. Some contributions documented results obtained from the author/s after taking inspiration from a particular idea of Zadeh, thus implicitly acknowledging him. Finally, there are contributions of several “third generation fuzzysists or softies” who were firstly led into the world of Fuzziness by a disciple of Lotfi Zadeh, who, following his example, took care of opening for them a new road in science. Rudolf Seising is Adjoint Researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing in Mieres, Asturias (Spain). Enric Trillas and Claudio Moraga are Emeritus Researchers at the European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Asturias (Spain). Settimo Termini is Professor of Theoretical Computer Science at the University of Palermo, Italy and Affiliated Researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Asturias (Spain)

Every day decision making and decision making in complex human-centric systems are characterized by imperfect decision-relevant information. Main drawback of the existing decision theories is namely incapability to deal with imperfect information and modeling vague preferences. Actually, a paradigm of non-numerical probabilities in decision making has a long history and arose also in Keynes’s analysis of uncertainty. There is a need for further generalization – a move to decision theories with perception-based imperfect information described in NL. The languages of new decision models for human-centric systems should be not languages based on binary logic but human-centric computational schemes able to operate on NL-described information. Development of new theories is now possible due to an increased computational power of information processing systems which allows for computations with imperfect information, particularly, imprecise and partially true information, which are much more complex than computations over numbers and probabilities. The monograph exposes the foundations of a new decision theory with imperfect decision-relevant information on environment and a decision maker’s behavior. This theory is based on the synthesis of the fuzzy sets theory with perception-based information and the probability theory. The book is self containing and represents in a systematic way the decision theory with imperfect information into the educational systems. The book will be helpful for teachers and students of universities and colleges, for managers and specialists from various fields of business and economics, production and social sphere.