This book is a welcome reassertion of an old tradition of interdisdplinary research. That tradition has tended to atrophy in the last decade, largely because of an enormous expansion of the domain of neoc1assical economics. The expansion has fed on two sdentific developments: first, human capital theory; second, contract theory. Both developments have taken phenomena critical to the operation of the economy but previously understood in terms of categories separate and distinct from those with which economists generally work and sought to apply the same analytical techniques that we use to understand other economic problems. Human capital theory has applied conventional techniques to questions of labor supply. It began this endeavor with the supply of trained labor and then expanded to a general theory of labor supply by broadening the analysis to the allocation of time over the individual's life, the interdependendes of supply decisions within the family, and finally to the formation of the family itself. Similarly, contract theory has moved from a theory that explains the existence of c10sed economic institutions to a theory of their formation and internaioperation. The hallmark of both of these developments is the extension and applica tion of analytical techniques based on purposive maximization under con traints and the interaction of individual decision makers through a com petitive market or its analogue.

Originally published in 1944, The Missing Technician shows how Industrial Design must begin at the very first stages of planning a product. The procedure of a design research committee is outlined – a type of practical co-ordination of the work of industrial designers and production technicians which proved highly effective. The value of materials like aluminium and plastic are emphasized, but equally the importance of glass and cast iron is stressed, especially when handled in new ways that 20th Century techniques made possible.

This title was first published in 1978. This volume brings together translations of a series of fundamental articles that are of special value for those who seek to understand ChinaTs system of economic planning. These materials, which were intended to provide a basic introduction to the principles and techniques of economic planning being introduced during the First Five-Year Plan, originally appeared in two series in the journal Chi-hua ching-chi (Economic Planning), the official organ of the State Planning Commission and the State Economic Commission.

Comprehensive reference exploring the benefits and implementation of digital twins in industrial production and manufacturing Digital Twins in Industrial Production and Smart Manufacturing provides an overview of digital twin theoretical concepts, techniques, and recent trends used to meet the requirements and challenges of industrial production and smart manufacturing. The text describes how to achieve industrial excellence through virtual factory simulation and digital modeling innovations for next-generation manufacturing system design. The contributing authors address the many possible technical advantages of major Industry 5.0 technological advancements, using illustrations to aid readers in practical implementation of concepts, along with existing scenarios, potential research gaps, adoption difficulties, case studies, and future research objectives. The text also presents many applications and use cases of Industry 5.0 and digital twins in a variety of industries, including the aerospace industry, pharmaceutical manufacturing and biotech, augmented reality, virtual reality, edge computing and blockchain-based Internet of Things (IoT), cobots, intelligent logistics and supply chain management, and more. Edited by a group of highly qualified academics with significant experience in the field, Digital Twins in Industrial Production and Smart Manufacturing covers additional topics such as: Hyper-automation technology, including specialized workflow procedures and particular sectors of solicitations linked to hyper-automation Digital twins in the context of smart cities, with attempts to draw comparisons with the use of digital twins in industrial IoT Virtual factories based on digital twins and corresponding architecture to facilitate modeling, simulation, and assessment of manufacturing systems Cognitive, interactive, and standardization aspects of digital twins, and the proper implementation of digital twin technology for safety critical systems Digital Twins in Industrial Production and Smart Manufacturing is a must-have reference for researchers, scholars, and professionals in fields related to digital twins in industrial production and manufacturing. It is also suitable as a hands-on resource for students interested in the fields of digital twins and smart manufacturing.

This book provides an historical examination of official science and technology statistics and indicators in Western countries.