Traces the history of Iowa, from its earliest inhabitants to the coming of modern times.

This monograph presents a morpho-syntactic investigation on modality, aspect, and negation by concentrating on Persian, and is designed to contribute to theoretical linguistics and the study of Iranian languages. The analysis is based on the Minimalist program. This research challenges the idea that the syntactic structure maps on the semantic interpretation or vice versa. The discussion presented in this monograph shows that the syntactic structure of Persian modals is uniform no matter if the modals are interpreted as having root or epistemic readings. Although it is claimed that modals are raising constructions in different languages, modals in Persian, which does not have subject-raising constructions, show a different syntactic behavior. Furthermore, the structural analysis of the interaction of Persian modals and negation shows that because of the scope interaction of negation and modals, the syntactic structure of modals with respect to negation mostly corresponds to the semantic interpretation of modals.

This is the second of two volumes deriving from papers presented at the Nineteenth Annual UWM linguistics Symposium held in Milwaukee in 1990. It focuses on the evolution of grammatical form and meaning from lexical material, which has reinvigorated historical analysis and theory and led to advances in the understanding of the relation between diachrony and universals. The richness and potential of some of the leading approaches to grammaticalization are here illustrated in thirteen selected papers.

Spanning three thousand years and five major cultures, the traditions of Eastern philosophy play a major role in any study of human thought today; to ignore the East is to miss the valuable insights of philosophers from the Persian, Indian, Chinese, Tibetan and Japanese traditions. In this book, every major stream of Eastern thought, whether idealistic or materialistic, is presented. The author reveals here the wisdom of the East, from Avicenna to Zoroaster, from Buddha to Gandhi. Entries cover not only the philosophers themselves but also the philosophical terms and concepts, the historical background, the doctrines, teachings and writings of the East. Whether we wish to consult the I Ching, to understand Zen koan, or to read from the Upanishads, this volume will be a valuable tool in our quest.

This book analyzes Talcott Parsons’ largest-scale effort to overcome the relativism and subjectivism of the social sciences. Harold J. Bershady sets forth Parsons’ version of the characteristics desirable for social knowledge, showing that Parsons deems the relativistic and subjectivistic arguments as powerful challenges to the validity of social knowledge. Bershady maintains that all Parsons’ intellectual labors exhibit a deep and abiding concern for social knowledge. From his first major work in the 1930s to his later writings on social evolution, Parsons’ theoretical aim has been to provide an unassailable answer to the question, "how is social knowledge possible?" Ideological criticisms of Parsons’ work, Bershady argues, not only miss his awareness of ideological influences upon social thought, but also miss the logical and epistemological strands of his thinking. This book sheds light on the persistent importance of the work of a major theoretical sociologist of the twentieth century. It also brings into the open and discusses issues of deepest concern to the philosophy and methodology of all of the social sciences.

First Published in 1995. This innovative series is an ideal means of supporting professional practice in the post-Dearing era, when a new focus on the quality of teaching and learning is possible. The series promotes reflective teaching and active forms of pupil learning. The books explore the implications of these commitments for curriculum and curriculum-related issues. This book has emerged out of the collective experience of six colleagues who work together at the Faculty of Education of the University of the West of England, in Bristol. The twin strands here are a social constructivist model of learning and a reflective teaching model of pedagogy. Through reflecting on our experiences and evaluating their intentions, practices and outcomes, not only do we learn, but we also enrich the learning of those children, pupils and students with whom we are working.

Fieldwork extending over a thirty-year period provided materials for this book. Paths and Rivers offers an unusually deep and broad picture of the Sa’dan Toraja as a society in dynamic transition over the course of the past century. The Toraja inhabit the mountainous highlands of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and are well known for their dramatic architecture, their unusual cliff burials, and their flamboyant ceremonial life, which places extraordinary economic demands on individuals and families. The analysis is informed, firstly, by a comparative perspective which sets Toraja social structure in the context of the Austronesian world. Secondly, the author delves deeply into Toraja social memory to show how people think about the past. She examines the usefulness of history and myth in the present as a source of identity, a template for action, or a resource by means of which to claim precedence. The book gives a clear picture of the structure and ethos of the indigenous Toraja religion, the Aluk To Dolo or "Way of the Ancestors", with its complex cycle of rituals. The book concludes with an analysis of the ceremonial economy, which draws upon both domestic subsistence production and the global market economy. Paths and Rivers draws together a fascinating picture of one society’s journey into modernity.

This book deals with a topical issue relating to the use of script in Japan, one which has the potential to reshape future script policy through the mediation of both orthographic practices and social relations. It tells the story of the impact of one of the most significant technological breakthroughs in Japan in the latter part of this century: the invention and rapid adoption of word-processing technology capable of handling Japanese script in a society where the nature of that script had previously mandated handwriting as the norm. The ramifications of this technology in both the business and personal spheres have been wide-ranging, extending from changes to business practices, work profiles, orthography and social attitudes to writing through to Japan's ability to construct a substantial presence on the Internet in recent years.

This is a comprehensive clinical resource for addiction counselors who want to learn about the psychological components of the problem, for individual therapists—dynamic, cognitive, and behavioral—who want to understand systems approaches in order to draw on a broader repertoire of useful interventions, and for couple and family therapists who want to learn more about the intrapsychic, biological, and pharmacological aspects of addiction. Dr. Jerome D. Levin takes the reader down the parallel paths of addiction treatment and individual and family therapy until they meet on the bridge of actual clinical practice. Practitioner, professor, prolific author, and respected authority in the field, Dr. Levin uses approaches to the treatment of alcoholism as a model for illustrating how theory, research, technique, and flying by the seat of the professional pants can integrate into a therapeutic style to help substance abusers and their partners and families.

The object of these scripts is to expose and air out the unprovable stances and influences of religious belief and its exploitation with no absolute condemnation on conventional beliefs. Conventional religion tends to cancel itself with the passage of time. Detailed descriptions are enclosed. The nutshell has it that in comparing archaic beliefs to unfolding beliefs, time is revealing a picture of inevitable and irreversible changes in those beliefs. Following the process of these changes will allow one to blend with them while broadening their scope on life or whatever else. Humans have precariously searched for a form of security that lessened the burden of exposure to accepting responsibility for living a life on planet Earth. Then, someone or other discovered, invented or rationalized something they believed was bigger and more powerful than them. Over a period of mankinds time, that power of belief became a dominant source of security and eventually emanated a belief of living forever in this illusionary state of security. Humans have been trapped into misconception, misunderstanding and vulnerable susceptibility for millenniums concerning their nature of choice in believing almost anything including the need for some type of mind salvation. An evolution of belief is slowly transforming from archaic views to a spiritual, consciousness of future orientation. Insight on basic and spiritual belief is covered.