The radio refractive index can be measured either directly or indirectly. The former method is utilized by radio frequency refractometers; the latter method involves measurement of temperature, pressure and humidity and conversion to refractive index. In terms of convenience and accuracy the direct method is superior; however, lack of the universal use of refractometers requires the use of weather service type of data for the bulk of refractive index structures. Meteorological sensing is limited mainly by the inaccuracy in measuring humidity which under ideal conditions appears to limit the accuracy to 1.0 N. Gradient measurements utilizing radiosondes reflects an accuracy no better than £ 3 N units. Radio frequency refractometers are capable of accuracies as much as an order of magnitude better than that achieved by meteorological sensors. Lightweight refractometers have been devised for balloon-borne and dropsonde measurements reflecting accuracies inferior to the conventional refractometer but superior to the radiosonde.

An investigation of the complex index of refraction at 97 GHz for low temperature ice fogs was carried out over the temperature interval -30 to -48C in a specially constructed environmental chamber of approximately 70 cubic foot volume.

This 4th edition of Ratings Analysis describes and explains the current audience information system that supports economic exchange in both traditional and evolving electronic media markets. Responding to the major changes in electronic media distribution and audience research in recent years, Ratings Analysis provides a thoroughly updated presentation of the ratings industry and analysis processes. It serves as a practical guide for conducting audience research, offering readers the tools for becoming informed and discriminating consumers of audience information. This updated edition covers: International markets, reflecting the growth in audience research businesses with the expansion of advertising into new markets such as China. Emerging technologies, reflecting the ever increasing ways to deliver advertising electronically and through new channels (social media, Hulu) Illustrates applications of audience research in advertising, programming, financial analysis, and social policy; Describes audience research data and summarizes the history of audience measurement, the research methods most often used, and the kinds of ratings research products currently available; and Discusses the analysis of audience data by offering a framework within which to understand mass media audiences and by focusing specifically to the analysis of ratings data. Appropriate for all readers needing an in-depth understanding of audience research, including those working in advertising, electronic media, and related industries, Ratings Analysis also has much to offer academics and policy makers as well as students of mass media.

First media magazine of the Balkans.