This volume is the first study of the entire history of the Northern Sea Route, from its earliest exploration to the twenty-first century. It includes the West-European search for a new waterway to the Orient (sixteenth to seventeenth century), the Russian Kamchatka expeditions (eighteenth century), and the navigation from Europe to the major rivers in north-west Siberia (late nineteenth to early twentieth century), as well as the Russian utilisation of the sea route in the Soviet epoch and later.

《冰上丝绸之路》以详实的数据资料和生动的语言风格，介绍了“冰上丝绸之路”的重大意义，描绘了北极沿线地区复杂多变的自然地理环境和独具一格的社会人文环境，阐述了“冰上丝绸之路”建设的现状与发展前景，提出了在全球气候变化背景下，中国与各方共建“冰上丝绸之路”的应对之策。本书紧跟时代发展需要，解读中国与北极，是一部读懂中国的佳作。

Navigational rights and freedoms have been central to the development of the law of the sea since the original debates over whether the seas were `open' or `closed' to maritime traffic. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea recognises the legitimate rights of coastal states to proclaim sovereignty and assert jurisdiction over vast areas of maritime space. In return, maritime states are given a range of navigational rights over waters ranging from the territorial sea through to the high sea. The new regime of the law of the sea created by the Convention presents an opportunity to review developments in the law of navigational rights and freedoms. This book assesses the navigational regime established by the 1982 Convention, with emphasis given to the continuing importance of the freedom of the seas. Navigation in the territorial sea and international straits is reviewed, especially in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, and the Torres Strait. Archipelagic navigation from the perspective of two claimant states, Indonesia and the Philippines, and a user state, South Korea, is also considered. The interaction of environmental concerns with navigational rights is an important feature of the current law of the sea regime with relevant conventions assessed and the role of the International Maritime Organization in developing navigational standards considered. Both European and Canadian practice in the protection of sensitive marine environments and the impact upon navigational rights is also considered. Finally, the roles of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the International Maritime Organization in dispute resolution are reviewed, before a concluding consideration of the future for navigational rights and freedoms in the twenty-first century.

IN THIS VOLUME • IDR Comment — Afghanistan: A House Divided — Maj Gen Yashwant Deva • Operational Scenario Alpha: The Run up to Conflict — IDR Editorial Team • Internal Violence and the Military — Lt Gen SC Sardeshpande • Indian Air Power for the mid 1990s:Conceptual Issues — Air Marshal CV Gole • Terrorism in India: Formulating a Hostage Policy — Arjun Katoch • Ex-Servicemen - Betrayal by ‘Consensus’ — Rear Adm Satyindra Singh • Women in Uniform: Observations on some Future Problems of the Indian Armed Forces — Dr HK Srivastava • Preserving the Army’s Ethos — Lt Gen SK Sinha • Command and Leadership: Two Cardinal Principles of Soldiering — Brig Desmond E Hayde • Command Breakdown: A Case Study — Shankar Bhaduri • The Regime of Warships: Contemporary Naval Missions and Activities and Emerging Law of the Sea Part 1 — Lt BM Dimri • Armour Fire Power: Incapacitate - Do not Destroy — Maj Anil Sabharwal • Secondary Protection: Explosion Control for Future Tanks — Maj Anil Sabharwal • Motive Power for Battle Tanks: A Technology Forecast — Lt Col AG Thomas • The Operating of Software Controlled Weapon Systems — Gp Capt MK Rana VIEWPOINT • Indian Military intelligence: A Case for Change Reviews and Critiques • Counter Attack: The West’s Battle against the Terrorists Reviewed by Maj Gen Afsir Karim (Retd) • Fiza’ya: Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force Reviewed by Shankar Bhaduri

This manual deals with the vast category of specialised buildings that, stemming from basic structures, have gradually reached a whole new level of “intentionality” and “critical consciousness”. As happened with basic buildings, the operational architectural knowledge method we hereby suggest leads to the creation of a multi-layered analysis framework. Indeed, the observation and interpretation of building elements determines the shape, structure and purpose of public buildings. The aim was to create a manual enabling the understanding of specialised buildings following a “processual-typology” methodology. Better understanding of the evolution of a cultural area’s anthropic elements is an architect’s basic tool for an ethical, landscape-friendly approach to design.

What did medieval authors know about their world? Were they parochial and focused on just their monastery, town, or kingdom? Or were they aware of the broader medieval Europe that modern historians write about? This collection brings the focus back to medieval authors to see how they described their world. While we see that each author certainly had their own biases, the vast majority of them did not view the world as constrained to their small piece of it. Instead, they talked about the wider world, and often they had informants or textual sources that informed them about the world, even if they did not visit it themselves. This volume shows that they also used similar ideas to create space and identity – whether talking about the desert, the holy land, or food practices in their texts. By examining medieval authors and their own perceptions of their world, this collection offers a framework for discussions of medieval Europe in the twenty-first century.