For centuries the "treatment" of mentally disturbed individuals was quite simple. They were accused of collusion with evil spirits, hunted, and persecuted. The last "witch" was killed as late as 1782 in Switzerland. Mentally disturbed people did not fare much better even when the witchhunting days were gone. John Christian Reil gave the following description of mental pa tients at the crossroads of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: We incarcerate these miserable creatures as if they were criminals in abandoned jails, near to the lairs of owls in barren canyons beyond the city gates, or in damp dungeons of prisons, where never a pitying look of a humanitarian penetrates; and we let them, in chains, rot in their own excrement. Their fetters have eaten off the flesh of their bones, and their emaciated pale faces look expectantly toward the graves which will end their misery and cover up our shamefulness. (1803) The great reforms introduced by Philippe Pinel at Bicetre in 1793 augured the beginning of a new approach. Pinel ascribed the "sick role," and called for compas sion and help. One does not need to know much about those he wants to hurt, but one must know a lot in order to help. Pinel's reform was followed by a rapid develop ment in research of causes, symptoms, and remedies of mental disorders. There are two main prerequisites for planning a treatment strategy.

This book explains the concept of serological methods used in laboratory diagnoses of certain bacteria, mycoplasmas, viruses in humans, animals and plants, certain parasitic agents as well as autoimmune disease. The authors present up-to-date information concerning the serological methods in laboratory diagnosis of such infectious diseases. Section one deals with the serological methods for bacteria. Section 2 deals with serological methods in human, animal and plant viruses. Section 3 is concerned with the serological laboratory diagnosis of echinococcus and human toxocariasis agents. The last section deals with serological laboratory methods in the diagnosis of coeliac disease.

The Fifth Edition of this best-selling reference is a compendium of evidence-based approaches to the most common presenting complaints. Covering both musculoskeletal and visceral complaints, this text is intended to direct the chiropractor toward an appropriate plan of approach in both diagnostic evaluation and care. Highlighting these approaches are flowcharts (algorithms), relevant historical questioning, and summaries of common conditions related to the presenting complaint. What’s New in the 5th Edition? • Additional disorders added to Selected Causes at the conclusion of chapters • Addition of Likelihood Ratio graphics • Addition of approximately 500 new references • New Appendix: Evidence Based Approach to the Literature • Expanded Appendix: Pharmacology for the Chiropractor includes newer drugs and further explains the classifications of medications mechanisms • Translation into Practice Summary (TIPS) for most of the orthopedic chapters • Updated Algorith

Practical Soft Tissue Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach, catapults you across the finish line of a definitive diagnosis. Lavishly illustrated in full color throughout, this medical reference book captures key morphologic patterns for a comprehensive range of common and rare soft-tissue conditions and assists in the interpretation of complex diagnostic puzzles. Diagnose frequently encountered soft tissue malignancies with a pattern-recognition approach. Compare specimens and categorize them accordingly with a helpful visual index and lavish collection of full-color images and illustrations. Glance and go: Chapters are organized by histologic pattern (spindle cell tumors, epithelioid tumors, tumors with myxoid stroma) for speed and efficiency. Make an educated diagnosis thanks to practical applications of molecular techniques and newly developed diagnostic markers.

This book examining diagnosis was first published in 1985. Diagnosis is at the centre of medical practice and depends on skilled information processing and decision making. Medical students, who will spend their working lives gathering information from patients, making decisions and solving problems need to be taught the necessary techniques. One aim of the book is, therefore, to give teachers an account of some of the basic ideas which have been applied to the diagnostic process and to medical problem solving in general. Another aim is to make teachers more aware of the principles underlying their clinical work, for it has been shown repeatedly that clinicians' actions do not always coincide with their teaching and there is a distinct gap between what they do and what they teach. This introduction to the fundamental concepts of information processing and decision making is written at a level which makes it appropriate reading for those who have not previously read widely in these areas. It will be of interest to clinical teachers in medical and allied health professions.

Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease presents a comprehensive, organ-based approach to the effective and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases. Dr. Richard L. Kradin covers the latest information on H1N1, as well as the use of immunohistochemical stains, PCR, Immunoperoxidase, and other molecular techniques for a current representation of the field. High-quality, full-color illustrations and differential diagnosis tables accompany each lesion so you can quickly identify and diagnose whatever you see. This reference is an invaluable tool for the accurate diagnosis of any infectious disease—from the common to the most challenging. Covers the latest techniques in immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics integrated throughout the text for comprehensive information on all investigative contexts relevant to ensuring diagnostic accuracy. Emphasizes the host responses critical in differential diagnosis to serve as a second opinion when non-infectious diagnoses mimic and confound the diagnosis of infection. Provides a complete visual guide to suspect lesions through superb, high-quality, full-color illustrations of key aspects of various diseases that facilitate the rapid identification of biopsy specimen. Presents contents organized by organ as opposed to pathogen to more effectively address diagnostic and management issues. Features tables that list differential diagnosis for each lesion for quick summaries of key points in problem areas. Highlights morphological characteristics and landmarks of tissue samples throughout the text for easy access to information necessary for signing out specimen. Focuses on clinicopathologic features and correlations so you can deal with the diagnostic problems you face every day.

Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography, 5th Edition enables you to use echocardiography to its fullest potential in your initial diagnosis, decision making, and clinical management of patients with a wide range of heart diseases. World-renowned cardiologist Dr. Catherine M. Otto helps you master what you need to know to obtain the detailed anatomic and physiologic information that can be gained from the full range of echo techniques, from basic to advanced. Get straightforward explanations of ultrasound physics, image acquisition, and major techniques and disease categories - all with a practical, problem-based approach. Make the most of this versatile, low-cost, low-risk procedure with expert guidance from one of the foremost teachers and writers in the field of echocardiography. Know what alternative diagnostic approaches to initiate when echocardiography does not provide a definitive answer. Access the entire text online at www.expertconsult.com, as well as echo video recordings that correspond to the still images throughout the book. Acquire a solid foundation in the essentials of advanced echocardiography techniques such as contrast echo, 3D echo, myocardial mechanics, and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography. Fully understand the use of echocardiography and its outcomes with key points that identify the must-know elements in every chapter, and state-of-the-art echo images complemented by full-color comparative drawings of heart structures. Familiarize yourself with new ASE recommendations for echocardiographic assessment of the right heart and 3D echocardiography, including updated tables of normal measurements.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with a low survival rate. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of entwined steps, involving both innate cellular and environmental factors. This book shares the updated knowledge on the origin and development of cancer through genotypic changes which upset the physiological balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, growth control, and apoptosis. The emphasis is put on the role of microRNA proteins involved in the cellular processes above outlined. Cognitive changes, related to dysregulated cellular mechanisms in cancer cells, as yet unchartered area of research, also are tackled. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of lung cancer is the key source of breakthroughs in the diagnosis and prognosis, and finding more effective therapies that target specific mutations. The book provides a source of current facts and trends in clinical research and practice. It will be of interest to clinicians, researchers, and other medical professionals.

This book has been written keeping in view the requirements of undergraduate and postgraduate students and research scholars in the area of computer science and engineering in particular, and other branches of engineering which deal with the study of AI such as electronics engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering (robotics and FMS). Besides the engineering students, the postgraduate students of computer science and computer applications and cognitive sciences researchers can equally benefit from this text. The basic concepts of artificial intelligence, together with knowledge representation, reasoning methods, acquisition, management and distributed architecture, have been nicely and instructively described. The various application domains and disciplines in engineering, management, medicine which cover different aspects of design, assembly and monitoring, have been presented with utility aspects of AI concepts in logic and knowledge. The book maintains a simple and comprehensible style of presentation for the different categories of readers such as students, researchers and professionals for their respective uses.