The analysis of cyclical macroeconomic phenomena is an important field of econometric research. In the recent past, research interests have de-emphasized quantitative forecasting exercises and have addressed the qualitative diagnosis of the relative stance of the economy regarding »upswing«, »recession«, or »boom« periods, i. e. the classification of the state of the economy into a limited number of discrete states. In this context the principal challenge is to reduce the multifaceted and sometimes abundant quantitative information about the business cycle to such qualitative statements in an efficient way. For more than six years this task was the focus of the project »Multivariate determination and analysis of business cycles« within the SFB 475 »Reduction of complexity in multivariate data structures«, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The necessity for complexity reduction is, of course, not unique to business cycle analysis but is studied in many fields and in a number of ways. This broad interest in the reduction of problem dimensionality and in the appropriate combination of data and of theory caused the RWI Essen and the Statistical Department of the University of Dortmund in January 2002 to hold a workshop at the RWI Essen where the findings of this and similar projects were presented and discussed. The present publication collects revised versions of the papers presented at this workshop. Although the workshop took place some five years ago, these papers mark an importent juncture in the development of business cycle research.

This book is devoted to establishing a completely new concept within economics referred to as "trading economics" which is a reconstructed economic system in theory that seeks perfect harmony between micro and macro elements in a structured way, hence making the economic theory a rigorous system supported by internal logical continuity. Representing a revolution of the existing theoretical framework, trading economics has changed the logic of mainstream economics. Specifically, it deduces the "macro whole" from the "micro individuals", and it introduces a systematic and comprehensive analysis approach. It stresses that within an interconnected world, the interaction between trading agents is the fundamental driving force behind the operation, development and evolution of the economic system.

Also described for the reader is the unique advertising practice in Papua New Guinea known as workabaut, in which a drama troupe travels from village to village and performs live commercials.

ADVANCED MACROECONOMICS III, book is written as per the demand of TYBA ECONOMICS students of UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI for new syllabus 2021-22. This book is combination of teacher's experience, student’s feedback and information available from internet. Author acknowledges source of data, graphs and other information from internet.

this textbook thoroughly explains the principles of macroeconomics. It provides insights into the important macroeconomic issues, such as determination of output, employment, interest rates and inflation. This textbook discusses Classical and Keynesian theories of macroeconomics as well as aptly incorporates Post-Keynesian developments in various aspects of macroeconomics. Further it discusses, at appropriate places, the relevance and applicability of various macroeconomic theories for the developing countries. This textbook also explains and critically evaluates the post-Keynesian theories of consumption function namely, Kuznet’s consumption function, Modigliani’s life cycle hypothesis and much more.

Known internationally as ‘Mr. Shareholding’ economist, Li Yining has had a transformative impact on China's economic transition, most notably as an early advocate of ownership reform and in his promotion of shareholding theory. By examining the interrelationship between the government, enterprises and the market, Chinese Economy in Disequilibrium presents an in-depth discussion on the issues of resource allocation, industrial structure, institutional innovation and economic fluctuation in the current Chinese economy under the condition of disequilibrium. Credited with developing the theory of economic disequilibrium, Professor Li distinguishes two types of disequilibrium on the basis of whether or not the majority of firms in the economy are viable profit-makers. In Chinese Economy in Disequilibrium, Professor Li points out that not only has China’s economy been in a state of disequilibrium, but it also has issues with enterprises not being under budget constraint. Given the limitations of market regulation under economic disequilibrium, Professor Li advocates the reform of the enterprise system and upholds the government’s leading role in the establishment of order in the socialist commodity economy. A number of measures are also proposed with the aim of facilitating the transition of China’s economy from disequilibrium to equilibrium. The central theme is that the reform and transition are means to serve economic growth and social development, which would eventually benefit the ordinary citizens in society. Yining Li is a Professor of Economics and Emeritus Dean of Peking University’s Guanghua School of Management. He is one of China’s foremost economists, and the author of twenty books and numerous articles on a wide range of economic subjects including reform and development in China. He has received a number of prestigious awards and honours for his research. As the leading proponent of a market economy in China, Professor Li has had a tremendous influence on China’s economic reform policy over the last three decades. He has served on the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China and is currently Vice-Chairman of the Economic Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.

Macroeconomics" by N. Gregory Mankiw is a widely used reference book providing a comprehensive understanding of macroeconomic principles, theories, and policies in a clear and accessible manner.

How the Coming Global Crash Will Create a Historic Gold Rush demonstrates the causal relationship between a deep economic crisis and a historical increase in the price of gold. Through the last years of his presidency, Jimmy Carter struggled with the legacy of the OPEC oil embargo causing large lines at the gas pump to pay surging gasoline costs. After the 1973 embargo, the price of oil quadrupled, forcing the United States into a deep recession that lasted into 1975. Gold surged during this period of stagflation, the unusual economic condition in which stagnant economic growth and high inflation coincide. In 1980, when Ronald Reagan was elected president, gold hit a high of $843/ounce. In 2008–2009, the collapse of the subprime mortgage market and the bursting of the real estate bubble caused a Great Recession in which prestigious financial institutions failed across the globe and serious investors poured their money into gold to maintain their total asset value. In 2010, gold’s price hit a high of $1,426/ounce. In the wake of the economic collapse caused by the COVID-19 lockdown, gold hit a yearly high of $2,058.40 in 2020, on the way to an all-time high of $2,074.60 on March 8, 2022. The global economy faces an economic meltdown in 2023, the magnitude of which we have not seen since the Great Depression in the 1930s. When the bubble in hedge funds and derivative contracts bursts, financial institutions worldwide will have to absorb billions and possibly even trillions of dollars in losses, an amount of money almost inconceivable in any other era of global financial history. In this book, Dean Heskin and Jerome R. Corsi explain the reality of 2022–2023: the dollar may collapse, and mounting unemployment and plummeting property values may accelerate the near disappearance of the middle class. In the dystopian world we are entering, gold and silver may be the only “money” that will hold its value.