Reviews developments in mechanical translation programs. Also considers NSF and CIA programs in comparison with research developments abroad, especially in the Soviet Union.

The ability to deploy interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives that speak to interconnected global dimensions is critical if one’s work is to be relevant and applicable to the emerging global-scale issues of our time. The Global Turn is a guide for students and scholars across all areas of the social sciences and humanities who wish to embark on global-studies research projects. The authors demonstrate how the global can be studied from a local perspective and vice versa. They show how global processes manifest at multiple levels—transnational, regional, national, and local—all of which are interconnected and mutually constitutive. This book takes readers through the steps of thinking like a global scholar in theoretical, methodological, and practical terms, and it explains the implications of global perspectives for research design.

Going beyond a general introduction to offer a hands-on guide, Participatory Research empowers students to feel confident understanding and applying participatory methods to their research projects. It takes an accessible approach to explaining the theory that grounds participatory research and offers students practical strategies for how and when to choose and apply a wide range of these methods. Comprehensive yet easy to understand, this book: · Gives students a thorough grounding in the history and theoretical issues surrounding each method · Showcases participatory research in action through extensive on-the-ground case studies · Highlights the importance of ethics in research design, offering guidance on dealing with sensitive considerations in participatory research With a sustained focus on the impact of digital technologies, this book tackles head-on the need to re-assess the way we involve people in contemporary research. It is an essential guide to better research practice for students and researchers across the social sciences.

Community translation or public service translation is on a global scale often unregulated and dependent on individual awareness, good will and even charity work. The social impact and mission of community translation, the key role of the translator’s psycho-sociocultural awareness and its role depending on local and global changes in human migration and linguistic diversity make community translation a constantly evolving and yet under-investigated activity and profession. This book covers key practical and theoretical approaches towards community translation, providing insights into the current state of the field and the latest research, trends, guidelines, initiatives and gaps. Combining knowledge in the areas of translator ethics, pedagogy, legal, and social and health-related settings, this volume covers community translation in a wide range of countries and regions. Community Translation: Research and Practice is an essential guide both for those studying and working in this area worldwide. This volume is a springboard for further studies and research in this emerging field. Chapter 4 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This book presents a description and analysis of sociolinguistics written from a demographer’s perspective. It synthesizes the data on the materials, methods, and issues of this interdisciplinary field, pulling together the scattered materials published in this area into a coherent whole. Drawing on a wide range of sciences in addition to demography and sociolinguistics, including sociology, anthropology, statistics, psychology, neuroscience, and public policy, the book treats theoretical and applied issues, links methods and substantive findings, covers both national and international materials, and provides prehistorical, historical, and contemporary illustrations. The book treats the theoretical issue of how the language we use develops socially on a base of linguistic genetic capacity and the practical issue of how the intervention of the state and public figures may profoundly alter the natural evolution of the language. As such, this book will appeal to a wide range of users, from students to teachers and practitioners of social demography, sociolinguistics, cultural anthropology, and particularly to those social scientists interested in ethnic studies and human migration.

This collection surveys the translator training landscape in international organizations on a global scale, offering a state-of-the-art view on institutional translator training research and practical takeaways for stakeholders. The volume’s focus on training brings a unique perspective to existing research on institutional translation, which has tended to single out such themes as agency, professionalism, and quality. The book is divided into three sections, with the first outlining the competences required of institutional translators, the second exploring training practices at the university level and "on the job", for novices and professionals, across a range of settings, and the third providing a synthesis of the above. Contributions draw on findings from studies in both institutional desiderata and existing training programmes from diverse geographic contexts towards situating the discussion through a global lens. In linking together competences and training practices, the book enhances collective knowledge of institutional translation and provides valuable insights for universities and institutions that work with translators on both international and national scales. This book will be key reading for scholars in translation studies, particularly those interested in institutional translation and translator training, as well as active professionals. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons [Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND)] 4.0 license.

Cultural Psychology draws upon major psychological topics, theories, and principles to illustrate the importance of culture in psychological inquiry. Exploring how culture broadly connects to psychological processing across diverse cultural communities and settings, it highlights the applied nature of cultural psychology to everyday life events and situations, presenting culture as a complex layer in which individuals acquire skills, values, and abilities. Two central positions guide this textbook: one, that culture is a mental and physical construct that individuals live, experience, share, perform, and learn; and the second, that culture shapes growth and development. Culture-specific and cross-cultural examples highlight connections between culture and psychological phenomena. The text is multidisciplinary, highlighting different perspectives that also study how culture shapes human phenomena. Topics include an introduction to cultural psychology, the history of cultural psychology, cultural evolution and cultural ecology, methods, language and nonverbal communication, cognition, and perception. Through coverage of social behaviour, the book challenges students to explore the self, identity, and personality; social relationships, social attitudes, and intergroup contact in a global world; and social influence, aggression, violence, and war. Sections addressing growth and development include human development and its processes, transitions, and rituals across the lifespan, and socializing agents, socialization practices, and child activities. Additionally, the book features discussions of emotion and motivation, mental health and psychopathology, and future directions for cultural psychology. Chapters contain teaching and learning tools including case studies, multidisciplinary contributions, thought-provoking questions, class and experiential activities, chapter summaries, and additional print and media resources.

This comprehensive textbook encourages the reader to contextualise their understanding of quantitative and qualitative research methods by drawing links between the research question and its theoretical framework with the choice of the quantitative/qualitative methodology and analyses. It encourages a theoretical appreciation of the field of inquiry and to balance the emphasis on methods with reviewing the literature and understanding the wider context of research. Each chapter contains user-friendly features, such as: key terms, summaries, case studies, examples and suggested further reading. Exercises are suggested throughout the text, encouraging the reader to look at easily accessible data sets and use prompts to formulate research questions and produce a mini study. A companion website supports the text, providing easy access to supporting material, including revision questions and an annotated list of useful websites. This text will be invaluable reading for students on Research Methods in Education MA programmes, as well as those embarking upon their PhD, EdD or MPhil in education. Research fellows and other educational researchers will also find this book a useful resource.

This Handbook comprehensively explores research methods in public administration, management and policy. Exploring the richness of both traditional and contemporary methods and strategies for making progress in the field, it provides an advanced toolkit for understanding the science of public administration and management in the 21st century.