Presenting new studies on the chronology and iconography of Buddhist art during the Western Ch'in (385-431 A.D.) in northwest China, including Ping-ling ssu and Mai-chi shan, this book addresses issues of dating, textual sources, the five-Buddhas, and relation with Gandhara.

Volume Two begins with writings by some of the most important critics of Walter Spink's conclusions, interspersed with his own responses, using a thorough analysis of the great Cave 26 to support his assertions. The author then turns to matters of patronage, and to the surprising fact that, unlike most other Buddhist sites, Ajanta was purely "elitist", developed by less than a dozen major patrons. Its brief heyday traumatically ended, however, with the death of the great emperor Harisena in about 477, creating political chaos. Ajanta's anxious patrons now joined in a headlong rush to get their shrines dedicated, in order to obtain the expected merit, before they fled the region, abandoning their caves to the monks and local devotees remaining at the now-doomed site. These "intrusive" new patrons now filled the caves with their own helter-skelter votive offerings, paying no heed to the well-laid plans of the years before. A similar pattern of patronage is to be found in the redecoration of the earlier Hinayana caves, where the careful planning of the work being done during Harisena's reign is suddenly interrupted by a host of individual votive donations. The volume ends with a new and useful editing of Ajanta inscriptions by Richard S. Cohen.

Greater Magadha, roughly the eastern part of the Gangetic plain of northern India, has so far been looked upon as deeply indebted to Brahmanical culture. Religions such as Buddhism and Jainism are thought of as derived, in one way or another, from Vedic religion. This belief is defective in various respects. This book argues for the importance and independence of Greater Magadha as a cultural area until a date close to the beginning of the Common Era. In order to correct the incorrect notions, two types of questions are dealt with: questions pertaining to cultural and religious dependencies, and questions relating to chronology. As a result a modified picture arises that also has a bearing on the further development of Indian culture.

This textbook narrates the ancient Indian history from the genesis of civilisations to the early middle ages. It examines the sources, chronology of civilisations and authoritatively details the facts, feats, triumphs and religious crusades of the period. It unveils the rich cultural, religious and social diversity that is uniquely and peculiarly Indian.

1.The book “Social Science& Pedagogy” prepares for teaching examination for (classes 6-8) 2.Guide is prepared on the basis of syllabus prescribed in CTET & other State TETs related examination 3.Divided in 4 Main Sections; History, Geography, Civics and Pedagogy giving Chapterwise coverage to the syllabus 4.Previous Years’ Solved Papers and 5 Practice sets are designed exactly on the latest pattern of the examination 5.More than 1500 MCQs for thorough for practice. 6.Useful for CTET, UPTET, HTET, UTET, CGTET, and all other states TETs. Robert Stenberg once said, “There is no Recipe to be a Great Teacher, that’s what, is unique about them”. CTET provides you with an opportunity to make a mark as an educator while teaching in Central Government School. Prepare yourself for the exam with current edition of “Social Science and Pedagogy – Paper II” that has been developed based on the prescribed syllabus of CTET and other State TETs related examination. The book has been categorized under 4 Sections; History, Geography, Civics& Pedagogy giving clear understanding of the concepts in Chapterwise manner. Each chapter is supplied with enough theories, illustrations and examples. With more than 1500 MCQs help candidates for the quick of the chapters. Practice part has been equally paid attention by providing Previous Years’ Questions asked in CTET & TET, Practice Questions in every chapter, along with the 5 Practice Sets exactly based on the latest pattern of the Examination. Also, Latest Solved Paper is given to know the exact Trend and Pattern of the paper. Housed with ample number of questions for practice, it gives robust study material useful for CTET, UPTET, HTET, UTET,CGTET, and all other states TETs. TOC Solved Paper I & II 2021 (January), Solved Paper I 2019 (December), Solved Paper II 2019 (December), Solved Paper 2019 (July), Solved Paper 2018 (December), History, Geography, Civics, PedagogyPractice Sets (1-5).

Robert Stenberg once said, “There is no Recipe to be a Great Teacher, That’s what, is unique about them”. Every teacher has their own way of teaching who delicately shapes impressionable minds and molds it into a vessel that defines perceptions and ambitions that impact to the large part the society Central Teaching Eligibility Test or CTET is the national level examination that is conducted to recruit the most eligible candidates as teachers at Primary and Upper Primary Levels. It is held twice in a year in the month of July and December. The exam is divided into 2 Papers, As per the CTET 2020 Exam Pattern, Paper -1 is for the Classes 1-5 whereas Paper – 2 is meant for those who want to become a teacher of classes 6–8. To teach the students of Class 6-8 one has to appear for both the exams. The current edition of “Social Science & Pedagogy for classes VI to VIII” is the complete study guide that has been developed on the basis of the syllabus prescribed in the CTET & other State TETs related examination. The book is divided into 4 Sections and sub divided into chapters, giving the Chapterwise coverage to the text of the syllabus, Practice Exercise with previous years’ Question asked in the exam. 5 Practice sets including 2019 Solved paper have been provided in this text book that are designed exactly based on the latest pattern of the examination that help aspirants to know the trends. Housed with more than 1500 MCQs, it gives robust study material useful for CTET, UPTET, HTET, UTET, CGTET, and all other states TETs. TABLE OF CONTENTS Solved Paper 2019 (Dec), Solved Paper 2018 (Dec), Solved Paper 2016 (Sept), Solved Paper 2016 (Feb), History: When, Where and How, The First Cities, New Ideas, The Early State and First Empire, Contacts with Distant Land and Political Development, Culture and Science, New Kings and Kingdoms, Delhi Sultanate and Its Architecture, Mughal Empire, Social Change, Regional Culture, The Establishment of Company Power, Rural Life and Society Under Colonialism, Revolt of 1857, Peasant Labour and Tribal Movement, Social and Woman Reforms, National Movement and India after Independence, Geography: Geography as a Social Study and Science, Planet: Earth in the Solar System, Globe, Nature and Human Environment, Air, Water, Human Environment, Resources: Human and Natural, Agriculture, Civics: India: Unity in Diversity, Democracy and Constitution, Government: Local and State Government, Parliamentary Government, The Judiciary, Marginalisation and Social Justice, Understanding Media, Making Living, Pedagogy: Concept and Nature of Social Science, Classroom Processes Activities and Discourse, Developing Critical Thinking, Enquiry / Empirical Evidence, Problems of Teaching Social Science / Studies, Sources: Primary and Secondary, Project Work, Evaluation, Practice Sets (1-5).

1. The book provides Chapterwise Solved Question of previous 27 Years' 2. Provides questions that are asked in UPSC examination 3. The whole syllabus of the book is divided into 2 main parts; Paper 1 & 2 4. It contains Solved Papers [1995-2021] for IAS (PRE) 5. This book uses simple language for better understanding Antonic De Saint Exupery once said, "A goal without a plan is just a wish". If you are aspiring to become a Civil Servant, make sure to prepare from IAS (PRE) - 27 Years' Chapterwise Topicwise Solved Papers (1995 - 2021). The current edition is designed on an exam oriented structure that facilitates deep coverage on all the topics which have been structured according to the UPSC Syllabus. This book has been divided into chapters that have been categorized under 2 Sections; Paper 1: General Studies and Paper 2: CSAT. As the title suggests, ample numbers of Questions are provided in a Chapterwise form and Solved Papers, which help in rising up level of preparation. Well detailed solutions are given for each question easing aspirants to understand the concepts. This book acts as a great help in achieving success for the upcoming exam. Table of Concept PAPER 1: History of India and Indian National Movement, Indian & World Geography, Indian Polity and Governance, Indian Economy, General Science and Science & Technology, General Knowledge, PAPER 2: Comprehension, Decision Making and Problem Solving, Logic Reasoning and Analytical Ability, General Mental Ability, Basic Numeracy, Data Interpretation.

For the last century and a half, the name of Padang Lawas, in the present province of North Sumatra, Indonesia, has been associated with a number of isolated Hindu-Buddhist remains located in the interior of the island. These remains are all the more remarkable because they form the largest Indianised archaeological complex known so far in the northern half of Sumatra, This book follows the recently published volume on archaeological researches conducted at the Si Pamutung site from 2006 until 2010. Its two main purposes are ?rstly to present and reappraise all the available sources for the ancient history of the region and, secondly, to provide an initial synthesis of the history of Padang Lawas between the mid-ninth and the end of the thirteenth century CE. As no comprehensive inventory of sculptures and other artefacts reported since the mid nineteenth century had been published, the ?rst chapter attempts to ?ll this gap by providing descriptions of Z64 items. lt is followed by four systematic studies on dozens of these items, whether stone or bronze artefacts, Furthermore, the thirteen ancient inscriptions from Padang Lawas are systematically reinvestigated or are deciphered for the ?rst time. To this epigraphic study is associated a historical study on the indigenous writing system. Two chapters present on the one hand the main results of recent archaeological research conducted in two other sites of the Barumun River Basin and, on the other a panorama of archaeological data on the Mandailing-Natal region situated west of Padang Lawas, in order to get a comprehensive and updated overview of the knowledge currently available of the area between both coasts of this part of Sumatra. In addition, the epigraphic study on Padang Lawas is supplemented with a reappraisal of inscriptions from Mt Sorik Merapi in this Mandailing-Natal region, and inscriptions from the site of Muara Takus on the banks of the upper reaches of the Kampar River.