This book focuses on applications of 4D imaging and 4D printing for development of low-cost, indigenous lab-scale solutions for various biomedical applications. It is based on a selection of benchmark open-source 4D imaging solutions including the effect of different stimulus (such as light, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical load, thermal, hydro, and so forth) to better understand 4D capabilities of printed components. The material is covered across nine chapters dedicated to 4D imaging, 4D printing, and their specific biomedical applications illustrated via case studies related to orthopaedic and dental requirements of veterinary patients. The book: •Presents exclusive material on the integration of 4D imaging and 4D printing •Demonstrates the industrial applications of 4D imaging in 4D printing using multiple case studies •Discusses use of open-source 4D imaging tools for biomedical applications •Includes in-house development of smart materials for 4D printing •Reviews low-cost, indigenous lab-scale solutions for various veterinary applications. This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in Additive Manufacturing, Manufacturing Engineering, Production Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Engineering.

This book introduces the novel and rapidly developing field of 4D printing. The concept of 4D printing of composites extends 3D printing by adding the dimension of a transformation over time. With applications in engineering structures such as aircraft, automobile, wind turbine, sport equipment, this technique introduces programmable matter that can change conformation in contact with humidity, temperature and other external factors.

Who hasn’t dreamed of seeing matter transformed in a way that suits you? This is the goal of 4D printing, using materials that can change in terms of shape and property under the effect of energy stimulation. From the description of the actions and actuators, the authors show the weaknesses that limit the industrialization of 4D printing processes; these are the modes of energy stimulation. To prepare for the future, two chapters are introduced: “Material-Process Duality in Industrial 4D Printing” and “How to Approach 4D Printing in Design”. If the capture and reuse of 4D printing knowledge is necessary for this objective, the conclusion leaves the existing myth around the 4D printing theme and proposes a “draft” roadmap that should be the subject of reflection and scientific debate on a concept that is still immature, but full of promise.

What Is 4D Printing 3D printing, a type of additive manufacturing, is regarded as one of the most disruptive inventions in modern manufacturing. It has fundamentally altered the way components and equipments are made, as well as their design and development, in the industry. 3D printing enables manufacturers and researchers to create sophisticated shapes and structures that were previously thought to be impossible to create using traditional production methods. Over the previous three decades, 3D printing technology has seen constant breakthroughs and has changed dramatically. Despite its ability to generate sophisticated, bio-inspired, multi-material designs, 3D printing is not yet suitable for mass production. The addition of a fourth dimension to 3D printing technology is known as "4D Printing." With this new dimension, 3D printed things can change shape independently of environmental stimuli such as light, heat, electricity, magnetic field, and so on. Printed items alter shape dynamically dependent on the needs and demands of the circumstance by incorporating the dimension of time, with no electromechanical or moving parts. The ability of 3D printed things to change shape over time in reaction to specific stimuli is based on the material's ability to transform over time in response to specific stimuli, and it does not require human interaction to facilitate the process. The growing demand for flexible products in a variety of applications, such as self-folding packaging and adaptable wind turbines, has spurred the rise of 4D printing. How You Will Benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: 4D Printing Chapter 2: Four-Dimensional Product Chapter 3: Responsive Architecture Chapter 4: Responsive Computer-Aided Design Chapter 5: 3D Printing Chapter 6: 3D Modeling Chapter 7: 3D Scanning Chapter 8: 3D Printing Marketplace Chapter 9: 3D Bioprinting Chapter 10: 3D Food Printing Chapter 11: 3D Manufacturing Format Chapter 12: 3D Printing Speed Chapter 13: 3D Systems (II) Answering the public top questions about 4D printing. (III) Real world examples for the usage of 4D printing in many fields. (IV) 17 appendices to explain, briefly, 266 emerging technology in each industry to have 360-degree full understanding of 4D printing' technologies. Who This Book Is For Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of 4D printing.

This book features a brief history of additive manufacturing and 3D/4D printing techniques, as well as the advantages, applications, and overall challenges facing the technology. It then focuses on the applications of bioadhesive systems for drug delivery. 3D/4D Printing of Bioadhesive Pharmaceutical Systems: Additive Manufacturing and Perspectives, explores recent discoveries of 3D printing in the development of pharmaceutical systems and drug delivery. Specifically, it discusses the main polymers/materials used in the development of bio-adhesive pharmaceutical systems and explains the importance of bio-adhesiveness of drug release through 3D printing. The authors also introduce the main strategies necessary to achieve a proper drug delivery system through 3D printing, and examine the adhesiveness of these systems on the skin as the mucosa decreases with the elimination of the drug by the body. Finally, the book brings all the necessary specifications to obtain a bioadhesive system with suitable bio-ink to obtain the best 3D/4D printing. This book is written with the objective of helping students start their studies in pharmaceutical engineering, bioengineering and additive manufacturing. Moreover, engineering professionals can use the book to improve the performance of 3D/4D printers for this type of system.

This book provides a comprehensive presentation of the most frequently used high resolution manufacturing techniques available, as well as the polymeric materials used for each of the techniques. Divided into two parts covering the technologies and materials used and the impact on different research fields and case studies, High Resolution Manufacturing from 2D to 3D/4D Printing: Applications in Engineering and Medicine addresses issues like throughput improvement by volumetric 3D printing and presenting novel applications and case studies. In addition, this book also covers the latest breakthrough developments and innovations to help readers understand the future applications of this technology across various disciplines, including biomedicine, electronics, energy, and photonics.

Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 2 covers the mechanics, modeling, and applications of the technology and the materials produced by it. It approaches the topic from an engineering design perspective with cutting-edge modeling techniques and real-world applications and case studies highlighted throughout. The book demonstrates 4D printing techniques for electro-induced shape memory polymers, pneumatic soft actuators, textiles, and more. Modeling techniques with ABAQUS and machine learning are outlined, as are manufacturing techniques for highly elastic skin, tunable RF and wireless structures and modules, and 4D printed structures with tunable mechanical properties. Closed-loop control of 4D printed hydrogel soft robots, hierarchical motion of 4D printed structures using the temperature memory effect, multimaterials 4D printing using a grasshopper plugin, shape reversible 4D printing, and variable stiffness 4D printing are each discussed as well. - Outlines cutting-edge techniques, structural design, modeling, simulation, and tools for application-based 4D printing - Details design, modeling, simulation, and manufacturing considerations for various fields - Includes case studies demonstrating real-world situations where the techniques and concepts discussed were successfully deployed - Applications covered include textiles, soft robotics, auxetics and metamaterials, micromachines, sensors, bioprinting, and wireless devices - Covers the mechanics, manufacturing processes and applications of 4D-printed smart materials and structures - Discusses applications in civil, mechanical, aerospace, polymer and biomedical engineering - Presents experimental, numerical and analytical studies in a simple and straightforward manner, providing tools that can be immediately implemented and adapted by readers to fit their work

3D and 4D Printing of Polymer Nanocomposite Materials: Processing, Applications, and Challenges covers advanced 3D and 4D printing processes and the latest developments in novel polymer-based printing materials, thus enabling the reader to understand and benefit from the advantages of this groundbreaking technology. The book presents processes, materials selection, and printability issues, along with sections on the preparation of polymer composite materials for 3D and 4D printing. Across the book, advanced printing techniques are covered and discussed thoroughly, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), electron beam melting (EBM), inkjet 3D printing (3DP), stereolithography (SLA), and 3D plotting. Finally, major applications areas are discussed, including electronic, aerospace, construction and biomedical applications, with detailed information on the design, fabrication and processing methods required in each case. Provides a thorough, clear understanding of polymer preparation techniques and 3D and 4D printing processes, with a view to specific applications Examines synthesis, formation methodology, the dispersion of fillers, characterization, properties, and performance of polymer nanocomposites Explores the possibilities of 4D printing, covering the usage of stimuli responsive hydrogels and shape memory polymers

4D Printing: Fundamentals and Applications explores both autonomic and non-autonomic systems with different stimulus such as temperature, current, moisture, light and sound. In addition, the fifth dimensional aspect using more than one stimulus is outlined for additive manufacturing processes. The book presents both an introduction to the basic understanding of hybrid processes and explores the physics behind the process (in the form of derivation and numerical problems). For the field engineer, applicable codes and standards for each hybrid process are provided. Lastly, case studies are included in each section to provide the reader with a model to explore future research directions. - Begins with the fundamentals of the hybrid additive manufacturing process - Presents a discussion of the physics behind smart material functioning in hybrid additive manufacturing - Includes real world case studies on 4D and 5D printing, as well as a look at future research dimensions