How the political conditions lay the economic foundation of a country? How the discovery of oil can make a country have the richest royals, or the biggest hedge funds? How can tourism advance an economy at the base level and how it can be totally devastating at times? How laws of some country can make it the hotbed for the world's richest? How the deadliest monarch can give the status of high-end to its fashion-house? How did Hong Kong become the most capitalistic from a communist nation? How can China be communist and the world's biggest economy at the same time? How can a tiny country in the Middle-East surrounded by its violent enemies be the tech hub of Asia? How can India be a global superpower? How UAE is shifting from oil-based country to tourism and tech-based country? This book answers a lot more than just these questions. This book does not just contain huge mathematical equations or complex graphs, but analysis of an economy through history, geopolitics, law, and the political order of that country. It contains the concept of economics from the basics through analysis of an economy in its simplest and most intuitive form.

This paper provides new empirical evidence on tax buoyancy (tax revenues responsiveness to changes in economic activity) over the period 1990-2020 using a large panel of 185 countries. This study compares short-term and long-term buoyancy coefficients for total tax revenues and different individual taxes by reviewing and contrasting a range of estimators. Our results broadly confirm the main body of the literature on long-term buoyancy hovering around one. We find evidence of lower estimates for short-term buoyancy relative to previous literature, suggesting a limited automatic stabilization power of taxes. As a robustness exercise, in addition to changes in tax rates, we introduce novel control variables for tax exemptions and bases to disentangle discretionary from automatic tax revenue changes. The marginal changes in the results when controlling for policy actions suggest that, on average, the economic cycle does not necessarily influence tax reforms.

A Deep Dive into NoSQL Databases: The Use Cases and Applications, Volume 109, the latest release in the Advances in Computers series first published in 1960, presents detailed coverage of innovations in computer hardware, software, theory, design and applications. In addition, it provides contributors with a medium in which they can explore their subjects in greater depth and breadth. This update includes sections on NoSQL and NewSQL databases for big data analytics and distributed computing, NewSQL databases and scalable in-memory analytics, NoSQL web crawler application, NoSQL Security, a Comparative Study of different In-Memory (No/New)SQL Databases, NoSQL Hands On-4 NoSQLs, the Hadoop Ecosystem, and more. - Provides a very comprehensive, yet compact, book on the popular domain of NoSQL databases for IT professionals, practitioners and professors - Articulates and accentuates big data analytics and how it gets simplified and streamlined by NoSQL database systems - Sets a stimulating foundation with all the relevant details for NoSQL database researchers, developers and administrators

Emerging economies arguably have different socio-fiscal dynamics compared to developed economies. On one side they have the need for corporate interventions in national development, on the other hand, they do not have enough research to support the agenda. In recent times there has been a conscious effort to legislate Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in some of these countries in order to bring about sustainable development. Yet, it is this legislation, which is debated among many others. This book provides its readers with a comprehensive interpretation of the various CSR perspectives in emerging economies through academic research and case studies from practice. It not only points out the challenges, the debates, but also the dynamics of implementation and the impact of such CSR spent. This book therefore is targeted both towards academics as well as practitioners in an attempt to bring about an active academic-industry interface as CSR as a management function is part of dynamic social science.

This is an open access book.2022 3rd International Conference on Big Data Economy and Information Management (BDEIM 2022) will be held from December 2 to 3 in Zhengzhou, China. The conference is co-hosted by Henan University, Henan Academy of Sciences and Henan Association for Science and technology. It dedicates to create a platform for academic communications between specialists and scholars in the fields of Big Data Economy and Information Management. The conference will create a path to establish a research relation for the authors and listeners with opportunities for collaboration and networking among the universities and institutions for promoting research and developing technologies.

HISTORY OPENS WINDOWS ON THE FUTURE. The Great Depression highlights your government’s capacity for economic policy stupidity. Do you understand the policy failures behind the Crash of ‘29? Or the policies involved in the aborting of the substantial spring 1930 economic and stock market recovery? Or the policies that prevented the spectacular summer 1932 bull market in stocks and agricultural commodities from stimulating recovery in the broader economy? Or how New Deal policies extended the Great Depression for an additional half decade despite more than doubling the monetary supply and massive resort to budget deficits? Or how the Great Depression ended in 1940 with unemployment dropping about 7 percentage points in the two years before the U.S. entered WW-II and began its massive wartime budget deficits? The Great Depression is just a highlight in a century of repeated failures for Federal Reserve System monetary policy. Under its care, the dollar has lost about 90 percent of its purchasing power. Its policies have also bestowed upon the economy the Keynesian inflationary morass of the 1970s and the asset price boom and bust nature of the current business cycle. Understanding why interest rate suppression policies aren’t working, haven’t worked in the past, and can never work is herein explained.

The US is slowly recovering from the aftermath of the burst of the 'new economy' bubble - which was one of the worst in monetary history. In this updated edition, Philip Arestis and Elias Karakitsos examine the causes and consequences of the burst of the 'new economy' bubble and investigate the impact on financial markets.

The balance of economic and political powers is indeed changing. Newer powers like China are emerging through shared economic partnerships and this creates opportunities to grow and brings about new challenges in the stability, growth, and security of regional and global economy. The economic synergy of the Belt and Road is evolving, and it is resonating and impacting geopolitics, geoeconomics, and geostrategies. Central Asia is the new frontier, and it has the capacity to become a major global contributor. A heightened sense of continuum economic realization through collaboration is capable of bringing and showing prosperity and progress to the larger region. The work made in this research is in support of the Belt and Road initiatives, however, the focus of the research was to assess economic readiness of Central Asia. China is ready with its resources, its finances, and its manpower to take on the BRI challenges towards achieving national prosperity and solidarity glory for China. For Central Asia, the BRI is an important feat that it needs to secure for its own development course, but how ready are they? This research study is the gate that opens up to new and more of such works for the next 30 years.

The author aims to empirically determine the significant factors that affect the levels of budget deficits of central governments across time and across countries. He empirically tests two prominent theories of budget deficits-the Barro (1979) tax-smoothing approach, and the still-untested theory of negative bequest motives advocated by Cukierman and Meltzer (1989). The author uses econometric techniques including fixed-effects (both country and time) panel regressions spanning 87 countries over the period 1975 to 1992, and the Griliches treatment of missing data. The author finds relatively stronger statistical support for the tax-smoothing approach among developing countries but not in industrial countries. The existence of empirical evidence supporting the theory of negative bequest motives is indeterminate. The author also conducted post-regression analyses to assess the proportion of observed differences in budget deficits the factors were actually able to explain. These reveal that both theories are generally weak in accounting for inter-temporal changes in budget deficit shares for both industrial and developing countries. The theories performed significantly better in accounting for cross-section differences. The author has many contributions to the literature. First, he analyzes the question of what determines the size of central government budget deficits using cross-country time series data leading into the 1990s. Second, he provides empirical tests of the still-untested Cukierman-Meltzer (1989) negative bequest motive theory of budget deficits. By using the panel data, the author attempts to determine the factors that influence not only the inter-temporal differences in budget deficits but also those factors that lead to cross-country differences. Last but not least, he provides some preliminary evidence that poverty reduction is necessary for long-term government budget deficit reduction.