The expansion of carbon materials is multidisciplinary and is related to physics, chemistry, biology, applied sciences and engineering. The research on carbon materials has mostly focused on aspects of fundamental physics as they unique electrical, thermal and mechanical properties applicable for the range of applications. The electrons in graphene and other derived carbon materials behave as dirac fermions due to their interaction with the ions of the lattice. This direction has led to the discovery of new phenomena such as Klein tunneling in carbon based solid state systems and the so-called half-integer quantum Hall effect. Advanced Carbon Materials and Technology presents cutting-edge chapters on the processing, properties and technological developments of graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, carbon particles and other carbon based structures including multifunctional graphene sheets, graphene quantum dots, bulky balls, carbon balls, and their polymer composites. This book brings together respected international scholars writing on the innovative methodologies and strategies adopted in carbon materials research area including Synthesis, characterization and functionalization of carbon nanotubes and graphene Surface modification of graphene Carbon based nanostructured materials Graphene and carbon nanotube based electrochemical (bio)sensors for environmental monitoring Carbon catalysts for hydrogen storage materials Optical carbon nanoobjects Graphene and carbon nanotube based biosensors Carbon doped cryogel films Bioimpact of carbon nanomaterials Photocatalytic nature of carbon nanotube based composites Engineering behavior of ash fills Fly ash syntactic foams microstructure

Advanced carbon materials such as graphene, fullerenes, hierarchical carbon, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have exceptional physical properties, making them useful for several applications in fields ranging from energy and industry to electronics and drug delivery. This book includes comprehensive information on fabrication, emerging physical properties, and technological applications of advanced carbon materials. Over three sections, chapters cover such topics as advanced carbon materials in engineering, conjugation of graphene with other 2D materials, fabrication of CNTs and their use in tissue engineering and orthopaedics, and advanced carbon materials for sustainable applications, among others.

The inspiration for this book came from an American Carbon Society Workshop entitled "Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies" which was hosted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1994. Chapter 1 contains a review of carbon materials, and emphasizes the structure and chemical bonding in the various forms of carbon, including the four allotropes diamond, graphite, carbynes, and the fullerenes. In addition, amorphous carbon and diamond films, carbon nanoparticles, and engineered carbons are discussed. The most recently discovered allotrope of carbon, i.e., the fullerenes, along with carbon nanotubes, are more fully discussed in Chapter 2, where their structure-property relations are reviewed in the context of advanced technologies for carbon based materials. The synthesis, structure, and properties of the fullerenes and nanotubes, and modification of the structure and properties through doping, are also reviewed. Potential applications of this new family of carbon materials are considered.The manufacture and applications of adsorbent carbon fibers are discussed in Chapter 3. The manufacture, structure and properties of high performance fibers are reviewed in Chapter 4, and the manufacture and properties of vapor grown fibers and their composites are reported in Chapter 5. The properties and applications of novel low density composites developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are reported in Chapter 6.Coal is an important source of energy and an abundant source of carbon. The production of engineering carbons and graphite from coal via a solvent extraction route is described in Chapter 7. Applications of activated carbons are discussed in Chapters 8-10, including their use in the automotive arena as evaporative loss emission traps (Chapter 8), and in vehicle natural gas storage tanks (Chapter 9). The application of activated carbons in adsorption heat pumps and refrigerators is discussed in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 reports the use of carbon materials in the fast growing consumer electronics application of lithium-ion batteries. The role of carbon materials in nuclear systems is discussed in Chapters 12 and 13, where fusion device and fission reactor applications, respectively, are reviewed. In Chapter 12 the major technological issues for the utilization of carbon as a plasma facing material are discussed in the context of current and future fusion tokamak devices.The essential design features of graphite moderated reactors, (including gas-, water- and molten salt-cooled systems) are reviewed in Chapter 13, and reactor environmental effects such as radiation damage and radiolytic corrosion are discussed. The fracture behaviour of graphite is discussed in qualitative and quantitative terms in Chapter 14. The applications of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics to graphite are reviewed and a study of the role of small flaws in nuclear graphites is reported.

Carbon-based materials and their applications constitute a burgeoning topic of scientific research among scientists and engineers drawn to the field from diverse areas such as applied physics, materials science, biology, mechanics, electronics and engineering. Further development of existing materials, advances in their applications, and discovery of new forms of carbon are the themes addressed by the frontier research in these fields. This book covers all the fundamental topics concerned with amorphous and crystalline C-based materials, such as diamond, diamond-like carbon, carbon alloys, and carbon nanotubes. The goal is, by coherently progressing from growth -- and characterization techniques to technological applications for each class of material -- to fashion the first comprehensive state-of-the-art review of this fast evolving field of research in carbon materials.

Carbon is unique in the range of structures and properties that are displayed by its material forms. The bonds in diamond, within the plane ofgraphite and in the fullerene molecules, C , are the strongest covalent bonds possible. This strong covalent bonding 60 leads to some exceptional intrinsic properties, examples ofwhich are: the greatest Young's modulus (in diamond, within the graphite plane and in single walled nanotubes) the highest room temperature thermal conductivity (in diamond and within the graphite plane) high hole mobility in doped diamond exceptional thermal stability ofthe structure in graphite It is because of the extreme thermal stability that such a wide range of materials is available. Atomic mobilities are low at all but the highest temperatures. Sintering, melting and casting ofcarbon are not feasible processing operations and carbon/graphite components are exclusively produced from the pyrolytic decomposition of organic precursors. The vast majority of engineering carbons have Sp2 type bonding and are related in some way to the structure of graphite. In the c-direction the bonding in graphite is of van der Waals character with the result that graphite is highly anisotropic in its properties and is probably unique in showing both the highest and lowest bond strengths in different directions in the same crystal.

Advanced carbon nanomaterials, which comprises fullerene, graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as backbone of engineering and scientific Innovation due to their versatile chemical, physical and electrical properties. Sustainable carbon materials are fabricated using different physical and chemical methods, respectively. Moreover, fabrication methods are used to achieve advanced carbon monoliths which are constituents with desirable properties. Keeping a view of desirable monoliths, diverse allotropes of advanced carbon nanomaterials are mostly employed in renewable energy resources, organic photovoltaic, and energy conservation technology, respectively. Carbon nanomaterials offer tremendous potential for enhancing biology and drug delivery because of biocompatibility. The proposed chapter grants a variety of fabrications methods for sustainable carbon materials as well as highlights the miscellaneous applications. Further, graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT) and fullerene are considered as fast and effective nanocarriers for delivering therapeutic molecules. As advanced carbon materials have controllable porous structure, high surface area, high conductivity, high temperature stability, excellent anti-corrosion property and compatibility in composite materials so they can be employed in energy storage as electrocatalysts, electro-conductive additives, intercalation hosts and ideal substrate for active materials. Meanwhile, the chapter sums up the required demands of advanced carbon materials for technological innovation and scientific applied research.

Carbon materials are exceptionally diverse in their preparation, structure, texture, and applications. In Advanced Materials Science and Engineering of Carbon, noted carbon scientist Michio Inagaki and his coauthors cover the most recent advances in carbon materials, including new techniques and processes, carbon materials synthesis, and up-to-date descriptions of current carbon-based materials, trends and applications. Beginning with the synthesis and preparation of nanocarbons, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes, the book then reviews recently developed carbonization techniques, such as templating, electrospinning, foaming, stress graphitization, and the formation of glass-like carbon. The last third of the book is devoted to applications, featuring coverage of carbon materials for energy storage, electrochemical capacitors, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries, and adsorptive storage of hydrogen and methane for environmental protection, photocatalysis, spilled oil recovery, and nuclear applications of isotropic high-density graphite. - A progression from synthesis through modern carbonization techniques to applications gives you a thorough understanding of carbon materials - Covers a wide range of precursor materials, preparation techniques, and characteristics to inspire your own development of carbonization techniques, carbon materials and applications - Applications-oriented chapters include timely content on hot topics such as the engineering of carbon nanofibers and carbon materials for various energy-related applications

Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Advanced Thermal and Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion presents a comprehensive overview of recent theoretical and experimental developments and prospects on carbon-based nanomaterials for thermal, solar and electrochemical energy conversion, along with their storage applications for both laboratory and industrial perspectives. Large growth in human populations has led to seminal growth in global energy consumption, hence fossil fuel usage has increased, as have unwanted greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, which results in critical environmental concerns. This book discusses this growing problem, aligning carbon nanomaterials as a solution because of their structural diversity and electronic, thermal and mechanical properties. - Provides an overview on state-of-the-art carbon nanomaterials and key requirements for applications of carbon materials towards efficient energy storage and conversion - Presents an updated and comprehensive review of recent work and the theoretical aspects on electrochemistry - Includes discussions on the industrial production of carbon-based materials for energy applications, along with insights from industrial experts

Agricultural and food industry waste materials have been an important feedstock for activated carbon production for many years. In the development of cleaner energy production and utilization processes, new advanced carbon materials with enhanced properties have been studied. Techniques to tailor pore structure and surface chemistry can produce better carbon materials for energy storage, electrode materials, and selective adsorption of pollutants. This book surveys available waste materials and processes for carbon production and then reviews the recent developments in the use of carbon materials for energy storage, as catalyst supports, and for environmental applications.