The following book is best described as a collection of yet-to-be-written ideas, compiled by the author, Martin Farquhar Tupper. He was an English writer, poet, and the author of Proverbial Philosophy, a long series of didactic moralizing composed in a lawyer's chambers in Old Square, Lincoln's Inn.

Youth musings is an anthology having absolutely astounding writeups of great writers all around the world. I have tried my best to find all the wonderful writers out there and give up their passion ,their musings a career path to work on. This anthology have the thoughts of many youths out there.

Model building is typically based on the identification of a set of established facts in any given field of research, insofar as the model is then evaluated on how well it accounts for these facts. Psychology – and specifically visual word identification and reading – is no exception in this sense (e.g., Amenta & Crepaldi, 2012; Coltheart et al., 2001; Grainger & Jacobs, 1996). What counts as an established fact, however, was never discussed in great detail. It was typically considered, for example, that experimental effects need to replicate across, e.g., individuals, experimental settings, and languages if they are to be believed. The emphasis was on consistency, perhaps under a tacit assumption that the universal principles lying behind our cognitive structures determine our behaviour for the most part (or at least for that part that is relevant for model building). There are signs that a different approach is growing up in reading research. On a theoretical ground, Dennis Norris’ Bayesian reader (2006, 2009) has advanced the idea that models can dispense of static forms of representation (i.e., fixed architectures), and process information in a way that is dynamically constrained by context-specific requirements. Ram Frost (2012) has focused on language-specific constraints in the development of general theories of reading. On an empirical ground, the most notable recent advance in visual word identification concern the demonstration that some previously established (in the classic sense) effects depend heavily on language (Velan and Frost, 2011), task (e.g., Duñabeitia et al., 2011; Marelli et al., 2013; Kinoshita and Norris, 2009), or even individual differences (Andrews & Lo, 2012, 2013). Variability has become an intrinsic and informative aspect of cognitive processing, rather than a sign of experimental weakness. This Research Topic aims at moving forward in this new direction by providing an outlet for experimental and theoretical papers that: (i) explore more in depth the theoretical basis for considering variability as an intrinsic property of the human cognitive system; (ii) highlight new context-dependent experimental effects, in a way that is informative on the dynamics of the underlying cognitive processing; (iii) shed new light on known context-dependent experimental effects, again in a way that enhances their theoretical informativeness.

The study of the brain-mind complex has been hampered by the dichotomy between objective biological neuroscience and subjective psychological science. This book presents a new theoretical model for how to "translate" between the two, using a third language: nonlinear physics and mathematics. It illustrates how the simultaneous use of these two approaches enriches the understanding of the neural and mental realms.

It is acknowledged that practice could induce rapid change or reorganization of the brain’s cellular or neural networks as well as behaviors. Notably, practice relevant to mental or physical approach attracted great attention in this decade. It highlights profound significance both for human evolvement and individual development. Specifically, acquiring fine motor skills is a crucial premise for human being to evolve to modern human by using tools in one side. In the other side, numerous evidences indicated that motor learning involved in limb and trunks promotes the development of individual brain in anatomy and functions. Hence, motor learning is also tightly associated with developmental plasticity. These studies on brain-mind-body practice illuminate a promising way in promoting human brain health. This editorial covers wide range of brain-mind-body practice forms to summarize recent new findings and development from behavioral, physiological, neurobiological and psychological science approaches. In this research topic, we addressed recent findings from theoretical as well as experimental perspective including contributions under the following three headings: 1) intervention studies to investigate the positive effect of brain-mind-body practice on cognition and relevant brain mechanism. The intervention pattern consisted of short-term practice ranging from few hours to several weeks; 2) cross-sectional studies using expert-novice paradigm to explore the behavioral and neural system change induced by extensive brain-mind-body practice; 3) the mediators influence the relationship between practice and health outcomes and 4) new viewpoints on brain-mind-body practice from theoretical perspectives. Here we briefly highlight these articles aiming to provide a deep understanding for the association between practice, plasticity and health for readers. Additionally, it offers new insights for developing possible practice interventions for clinical treatment of neurological dysfunction or disorders.

New research on the adaptive behavior of natural and synthetic agents.

Historically, cognitive sciences have considered selective attention and working memory as largely separated cognitive functions. That is, selective attention as a concept is typically reserved for the processes that allow for the prioritization of specific sensory input, while working memory entails more central structures for maintaining (and operating on) temporary mental representations. However, over the last decades various observations have been reported that question such sharp distinction. Most importantly, information stored in working memory has been shown to modulate selective attention processing – and vice versa. At the theoretical level, these observations are paralleled by an increasingly dominant focus on working memory as (involving) the attended part of long-term memory, with some positions considering that working memory is equivalent to selective attention turned to long-term memory representations – or internal selective attention. This questions the existence of working memory as a dedicated cognitive function and raises the need for integrative accounts of working memory and attention. The next step will be to explore the precise implications of attentional accounts of WM for the understanding of specific aspects and characteristics of WM, such as serial order processing, its modality-specificity, its capacity limitations, its relation with executive functions, as well as the nature of attentional mechanisms involved. This research topic in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience aims at bringing together the latest insights and findings about the interplay between working memory and selective attention.

The failure of insulin signaling – a condition known as insulin resistance – is a key pathological feature of both type 2 diabetes (T2DM, systemic insulin resistance) and Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRDs, brain insulin resistance) and greatly contribute to their development. Considerable overlap has been identified in the risk factors, comorbidities and putative pathophysiological mechanisms of ADRDs and T2DM, thus proposing AD as type 3 diabetes.

This book, Mind, Brain and Education, comprises selected topics from Neurology and Psychiatry, showing both their common ground and their differences. A special emphasis is given to the role of scientific gathering with the Mind & Brain Congress as a platform for educating younger colleagues and widening their perspectives in the field of both disciplines. With the new discipline of Psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI) and its translation to clinical practice, our long-standing comprehensive approach to the interrelation and bridging of the mind and the brain contributes to a better understanding of this challenging topic. The reader can find new facts showing how diseases are the result of an alteration at the bio-psycho-social level. PNEI provides knowledge about the biological dynamics of conventional medicine and of the importance of lifestyle changes in order to fight disease. Written by experts in the field, the exceptional new approach provided by this book, makes it an innovative tool for spreading new knowledge, and implementing it in everyday clinical practice for the benefit of patients and even more so, to prevent them becoming patients in the first place.