This book provides detailed and current information on using fullerenes (bucky-balls) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the most actively studied applications of photonic science in healthcare. This will serve as a useful source for researchers working in photomedicine and nanomedicine, especially those who are investigating PDT for cancer treatment and infectious disease treatment. The book runs the gamut from an introduction to the history and chemistry of fullerenes and some basic photochemistry, to the application of fullerenes as photosensitizers for cancer and antimicrobial inactivation.

This book provides detailed and current information on using fullerenes (bucky-balls) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the most actively studied applications of photonic science in healthcare. This will serve as a useful source for researchers working in photomedicine and nanomedicine, especially those who are investigating PDT for cancer treatment and infectious disease treatment. The book runs the gamut from an introduction to the history and chemistry of fullerenes and some basic photochemistry, to the application of fullerenes as photosensitizers for cancer and antimicrobial inactivation.

This book provides detailed and current information on using fullerenes (bucky-balls) in photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the most actively studied applications of photonic science in healthcare. This will serve as a useful source for researchers working in photomedicine and nanomedicine, especially those who are investigating PDT for cancer treatment and infectious disease treatment. The book runs the gamut from an introduction to the history and chemistry of fullerenes and some basic photochemistry, to the application of fullerenes as photosensitizers for cancer and antimicrobial inactivation.

Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications gives insight into the synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing the natural routes. It demonstrates various strategies for the synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing plants, microscopic organisms like bacteria, fungi, algae and so forth. It orchestrates interdisciplinary hypothesis, ideas, definitions, models and discoveries associated with complex cell of the prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Highlights: Discusses biological approach towards the nanoparticle synthesis Describes the role of nanotechnology in the field of medicine and its medical devices Covers application and usage of the chemicals at the molecular level to act as catalysts and binding products for both organic and inorganic Chemical Reactions Reviews application in physics such as solar cells, photovoltaics and other usage Microorganisms can aggregate and detoxify substantial metals because of different reductase enzymes, which can diminish metal salts to metal nanoparticles. The readers after going through this book will have detailed account of mechanism of bio-synthesis of nanoparticles.

In this book, cancer theranostics applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are overviewed in details. Moreover, their synthesis, characterization, multifunctionality, disease targeting, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity have been briefly highlighted. Finally, we have mentioned the current examples of clinical trials of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer theranostics along with their future scopes and challenges.

Advancement in the field of nanotechnology has revolutionized the field of medicines and pharmaceuticals in the twentieth century. The proper use of nanomaterials in medical applications requires a proper understanding of these compounds. This correct understanding, beyond the physical and chemical properties, must also have the correct logic of use. In other words, the strategic use of nanomaterials with applicable perspective can also help to advance research, but if we go forward with the current research perspective that leads to the expansion of inapplicable researches, the intrinsic importance of using these nanomaterials is eliminated. This book, considering the importance of nanomaterials and their application in medicine, as well as the significant growth of biomaterials in research fields, introduces the variables law (Rabiee's theory) for the implementation of this research and the establishment of a proper strategy. Considering that the degree of number of biomaterial and host variables follow a variety factors, and by increasing the degree of number of biomaterials and host variables, the degree of total variables also increases and as a result, performance and, consequently, biomaterial behavior in the host environment will have less control and predictive capabilities. For an external substance that is supposed to be in the human body, it must be predictable and controllable, In addition, according to the principle that the host in a fixed person does not have the ability to change, therefore, by using the simpler biomaterials (with less variables), the above goal is more accessible. It should be noted that in addition to observing biocompatibility tests for a biomaterial based on existing protocols and standards, the Applicable Compatibility (AC) parameter is also required in accordance with Rabiee's theory. This book is written in accordance with Rabiee's theory and the contents of this book should be evaluated from this perspective.

This book provides a general introduction to nanogels, and designs of various stimuli-sensitive nanogels that are able to control drug release in response to specific stimuli. Nanogels are three-dimensional nanosized networks that formed by physically or chemically crosslinking polymers. They have highly interesting properties such as biocompatibility, high stability, particle size adjustment, drug loading capability and modification of the surface for active targeting. They can respond to stimuli which results in the controlled release of drug and targeting of the site.

Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder with cardinal motor signs of resting tremor, bradykinesia and lead-pipe rigidity. In addition, many patients display non-motor symptoms, including a diminished sensation of smell, gastrointestinal problems, various disorders of sleep and some cognitive impairment. These clinical features - particularly the motor signs - manifest after a progressive death of many dopaminergic neurones in the brain. Although currently available, conventional therapies can reduce the signs of the disease, the progression of this neuronal death has proved difficult to slow or stop, and the condition is relentlessly progressive. Hence, there is a real need to develop a treatment that is neuroprotective, one that slows the pathology of the disease effectively. At present, there are several neuroprotective therapies in the experimental pipeline, but these are for the patients of tomorrow. This book focuses on two therapies that are readily available for the patients of today. They involve the use of exercise and light (i.e. photobiomodulation, the use of red to infrared light therapy (λ=600-1070nm) on body tissues). The two therapies are tied together in several ways. First, in animal models of Parkinson's disease, they each have been shown to offer the key feature of neuroprotection, stimulating a series of built-in protective mechanisms within the neurones, that helps their survival, to self-protect and/or self-repair. There are also some promising indications of neuroprotection and many beneficial outcomes in parkinsonian patients. Further, both exercise and light therapies are similar in that they are non-invasive and safe to use, with no known adverse side-effects, making their combination with the conventional therapies, such as dopamine replacement drug therapy and deep brain stimulation, all the more feasible. Given the heterogeneity of Parkinson's disease in humans, tackling the condition from a range of different angles - with a number of different therapies - would only serve to enhance the positive outcomes. This book considers the use of exercise and light therapies, proposing that they have the potential to make a powerful "dynamic duo", offering a most effective neuroprotective treatment option to patients.

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Sustainable and Technological Applications covers the fundamentals of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) and their potential for technological and industrial applications. Addressing recent advancements in technology and improvement in material synthesis, the book outlines how functionalized CNMs are used in nanobiotechnology, for active sorbent materials, and in pharmaceutical applications. Chapters cover macro-scale applications, biosensors and drug delivery, and treatment in cancer and coronavirus diseases. Key features: Through up-to-date references, this book demonstrates that carbon-based nanomaterials are one of the most promising nanomaterials in medical applications, such as drug and gene delivery carriers, as well as nonmedical, environmental applications. Discusses the synthesis methods of processing (CQDs), (GQDs), (CPDs), and (g-C3N4) materials-based nanocomposites for biotechnological applications. Chapters address various classes of carbon nanomaterials and their innovative technologies. Opens up further exploration of environmental nanotechnology, bionanotechnology, and biomedical applications of novel carbon nanomaterials. Full references can be found via the Support Material: www.routledge.com/9781032635934. Written by a leading expert, this volume provides the reader with thorough coverage of bionanotechnology and biomedical applications of novel carbon nanomaterials.