Straightforward analysis and practical guidance for navigating today's numerous classroom challenges.

Wedemeyer stresses that learning is a natural idiosyncratic, and continually renewable human trait and survival resource. It is not dependent upon teaching, schooling, or special environments, although-properly used-these resources enhance learning. There is a powerful subculture of independent learners who are responsible for much of the real progress that has been made in most areas on endeavor. This book attempts to explain this kind of learning and relate it to schooling, suggesting ways in which all learning-whether traditional or non-traditional-can be encouraged and improved through new kinds of educational institutions and processes.

Since the first edition of E-learning by Design, e-learning has evolved rapidly and fringe techniques have moved into the mainstream. Underlying and underwriting these changes in e–learning are advances in technology and changes in society. The second edition of the bestselling book E-Learning by Design offers a comprehensive look at the concepts and processes of developing, creating, and implementing a successful e-learning program. This practical, down-to-earth resource is filled with clear information and instruction without over simplification. The book helps instructors build customized e-learning programs from scratch—building on core principles of instructional design to: develop meaningful activities and lessons; create and administer online tests and assessments; design learning games and simulations; and implement an individualized program. "Every newcomer to the field will find this edition indispensable, while professionals will find much needed contemporary information to manage the rapid changes happening in our field. Even if you own the first edition, buy this update as soon as possible." —Michael W. Allen, CEO of Allen Interactions, Inc.; author, Michael Allen's e-Learning Library Series "Covers the full range of options for presenting learning materials online—including designing useful topics, engaging activities, and reliable tests—and it takes into account the realities and issues of today's instructional designers, such as social learning and mobile learning." —Saul Carliner, associate professor, Concordia University; author, The E-Learning Handbook "Horton nails it! Perfectly timed, robust, and practical, this second edition of brings together the latest strategies for learning without losing its critical premise—technology enables e-learning, but great design makes it work." —Marc J. Rosenberg, e-learning strategist; author, Beyond E-Learning "An e-learning encyclopedia loaded with detailed guidelines and examples ranging from basic instructional design techniques to the latest applications in games, social media, and mobile-learning. An essential reference for anyone involved in e-learning design, development, or evaluation" —Ruth Colvin Clark, author, e-Learning and the Science of Instruction

Participation in spatial information management and communication. A combined CTA and IIED issue

First, I would like to thank my principal supervisor Dr Qiang Shen for all his help, advice and friendship throughout. Many thanks also to my second supervisor Dr Peter Jarvis for his enthusiasm, help and friendship. I would also like to thank the other members of the Approximate and Qualitative Reasoning group at Edinburgh who have also helped and inspired me. This project has been funded by an EPSRC studentship, award num ber 97305803. I would like, therefore, to extend my gratitude to EPSRC for supporting this work. Many thanks to the staff at Edinburgh University for all their help and support and for promptly fixing any technical problems that I have had . My whole family have been both encouraging and supportive throughout the completion of this book, for which I am forever indebted. York, April 2003 Ian Miguel Contents List of Figures XV 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 1 Solving Classical CSPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. 2 Applicat ions of Classical CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. 3 Limitations of Classical CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1. 3. 1 Flexible CSP 6 1. 3. 2 Dynamic CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. 4 Dynamic Flexible CSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1. 5 Flexible Planning: a DFCSP Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1. 6 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1. 7 Contributions and their Significance 11 2 The Constraint Satisfaction Problem 13 2. 1 Constraints and Constraint Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2. 2 Tree Search Solution Techniques for Classical CSP . . . . . . . . . . 16 2. 2. 1 Backtrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. 2. 2 Backjumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2. 2. 3 Conflict-Directed Backjumping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. 2. 4 Backmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neural network technology encompasses a class of methods which attempt to mimic the basic structures used in the brain for information processing. Thetechnology is aimed at problems such as pattern recognition which are difficult for traditional computational methods. Neural networks have potential applications in many industrial areas such as advanced robotics, operations research, and process engineering. This book is concerned with the application of neural network technology to real industrial problems. It summarizes a three-year collaborative international project called ANNIE (Applications of Neural Networks for Industry in Europe) which was jointly funded by industry and the European Commission within the ESPRIT programme. As a record of a working project, the book gives an insight into the real problems faced in taking a new technology from the workbench into a live industrial application, and shows just how it can be achieved. It stresses the comparison between neural networks and conventional approaches. Even the non-specialist reader will benefit from understanding the limitations as well as the advantages of the new technology.