Before South Sudan got it independence, Sudan was at civil wars for two centuries. The first civil war started in 1955 and ended in 1972 in an Agreement signed in Addis Ababa. The Accords gave South Sudan Autonomy Government, but was terminated later after ten years, and also after the abolition laws apply all over the Sudan. The September Laws has discriminately particular group bases on races, religion and colour and ethnicity. Because Sharia laws were applied all over the country, the officers of the South Sudan army of 105 and 104 battalion rejected Jafaar order by threatening to quell Jafaar order military. As a result Numery send machines forces to Bor to quell Kerubino mutiny in May 1983. Because Jafar order was resist, the fighting erupted at Battalion 105 Barack in Bor, where Kerubino forces defeated and a large number of Jafaar forces killed including Jafaar second commander. Because William Nyon was accused by aliening with Kerubino and Anya-Anya two forces. Therefore, President Jafaar Numery issued order of arresting him and he is brought to Khartoum for trial. After Bor and Ayod wars was over, the SPLM/A was formed with the two different ideologies “separation” and “secular united Sudan”. The separatist and unionist ideology was the cause of the split and the death of many founding fathers of the nation SPLM/A. In 1997, the split groups signed the agreement known as Khartoum Agreement with regime in Khartoum. In 2002 the SPLM/A and some of the split groups re-joined once again and unify their forces with Garang’s forces, until Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in Nairobi- Kenya in 2005 After CPA, the Transitional Government of National Unity was formed in Sudan and the rights of self-determination were exercised and the 99.9% vote for separation leading to the declaration of independence of the South Sudan on 9 July 2011. After 2 years from independence the war within SPLM (Kiir and Riek) broke out in Juba where thousands killed. Due to some reservations from the Kiir and Machar dogfight erupted in J1 in 2016 until 2018 Revitalise Agreement signed.

The book offers a history of the discourses and diplomacies of Sudan’s civil wars. It explores the battle for legitimacy between the Sudanese state and Southern rebels. In particular, it examines how racial thought and rhetoric were used in international debates about the political destiny of the South. By placing the state and rebels within the same frame, the book uncovers the competition for Sudan’s reputation. It reveals the discursive techniques both sides employed to elicit support from diverse audiences, amidst the intellectual ferment of Pan-Africanism, the Cold War, and Black liberation politics. It maintains that the interplay of silences and articulations in both the rebels' and the state’s texts concealed and complicated aspects of the country’s political conflict. In sum, the book demonstrates that the war of words waged abroad represents a strategic, but often overlooked, aspect of the Sudanese civil wars.

This textbook in history is primarily intended for secondary schools in South Sudan. The focus is on the history of South Sudan, and is in this sense a pioneer work since it is the country's first secondary school book dealing primarily with the history of the South. Even though the focus is on South Sudan its history cannot be interpreted in a vacuum, and particularly North-South relations are discussed extensively in the book. Secondary school students in Sudan have either studied the history of Kenya and Uganda, or the history of North Sudan since no history book for South Sudan has existed. The book may also be of interest to academics, politicians, historians and college and university students as well civil society groups such as churches, youth and women's groups.

South Sudan is a country located in East-Central Africa. It is the newest country in the world, gaining its independence from Sudan in 2011. The country has a population of about 11 million people, with over 60 tribes, the largest of which are the Dinka, Nuer, and Shilluk. The official languages are English and Arabic, but there are over 60 indigenous languages spoken throughout the country. South Sudan faces significant challenges, including civil war, poverty, and underdevelopment. The country has experienced conflict and instability since gaining independence, with ongoing ethnic tensions and disputes over resources. The majority of the population lives in poverty, with limited access to basic services such as healthcare and education. Despite these challenges, South Sudan has a rich cultural heritage and is home to diverse ethnic groups, languages, and traditional customs. Efforts are being made to develop the country's infrastructure and economy, but progress has been slow due to ongoing conflict and political instability.

Published in 1973: This thoroughgoing collection of informed and incisive essay brings together for the first time between the covers of a single volume a very wide spectrum of views on one of the key conflicts in Africa today. The problems underlying the whole situation are discussed from extremely diverse standpoints, so that the mass of data is constantly reinterpreted by the several authors, casting differing lights upon this complex tragedy.

This new and revised edition of 'A Concise History of South Sudan' was revised by Avelino Androga Said, Yosa Wawa, Anne Farren and Anders Breidlid. All chapters were revised and a new chapter on the period from the referendum in 2011 to the period after independence has been added. When the first edition was published in 2010 it was the first history book of its kind in the now South Sudan. This first edition was primarily intended for secondary schools in South Sudan, but the book proved to arouse great interest to many other South Sudanese both inside South Sudan as well as in the diaspora. This was not surprising since it was the first history book on South Sudan to cover, albeit not in detail, the whole history from the origin of mankind to the present. The book may be of interest to students, academicians, politicians and civil society groups such as churches and youth and women's groups. The first, original edition of this book was produced as a result of extensive team work, and the majority of the contributors are South Sudanese citizens, either living in South Sudan or in the diaspora.

As civil wars become forums for international conflicts and ideological rivalries, their containment and resolution is an increasingly important requisite for international peace. This book explores mediation as a means toward resolving such wars. Dr. Assefa argues that the sovereign sensitivities of incumbent governments, the risk of international

Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Niger to the east, Burkina Faso to the south-east, Côte d'Ivoire to the south, Guinea to the south-west, Senegal to the west, and Mauritania to the north and north-west. The country has a rich cultural history, with evidence of human settlement as far back as 10,000 BC. From the ancient Malian Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries to the present-day challenges of political instability, Mali has experienced significant changes over time. Today, Mali remains one of the least developed countries in the world, with high poverty rates, food insecurity, and limited access to education and healthcare. Despite these challenges, Mali is rich in natural resources, including gold, and has potential for economic growth and development. As a former French colony, French is the official language of Mali, but many people also speak the regional languages of Bambara, Songhai, and Tamashek. Islam is the dominant religion in Mali, though there are also significant Christian and traditional animist populations. Mali is home to several important cultural sites, including the ancient city of Timbuktu and the Dogon people, known for their unique architecture and spiritual practices. Mali also has a strong tradition of music and dance, with the griot tradition of oral storytelling and praise singing being an important part of the country's cultural heritage.