The fiscal year 1991 U.S. DOT Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a National Bicycling and Walking Study. The five objectives of the study as specified in the Act were to: (1) Determine the current levels of bicycling and walking and identify reasons they are not better used as means of transportation; (2) Develop a plan for the increased use and enhanced safety of these modes and identify the resources necessary to implement and achieve this plan; (3) Determine the full costs and benefits of promoting bicycling and walking in urban and suburban areas; (4) Review and evaluate the success of promotion programs around the world to determine their applicability to the role required of the U.S. DOT to implement a successful program; and (5) Develop an action plan, including timetable and budget, for implementation of such Federal transportation policy. The purpose of this Interim Report is to document progress in addressing these five objectives. In dealing with each objective, this report summarizes available information, discusses what additional information is required, and outlines the approach to be used in collecting it.

The purpose of this report is to recommend a plan of action for achieving the Study goals of doubling the percentage of bicycling and walking trips, while decreasing by 10 percent the number of crash-related injuries and deaths. The action plans presented are comprehensive in scope, covering activities directed at increasing public awareness of the benefits of nonmotorized transportation, improving facilities to make bicycling and walking more viable and attractive transportation options, providing needed educational and law enforcement support, and "institutionalizing" bicycling and walking into the nation's transportation system.

Bicycling for Transportation examines the individual and societal factors of active transportation and biking behavior. The book uses an Interdisciplinary approach to provide a comprehensive overview of bicycling for transportation research. It examines the variability in biking participation among different demographic groups and the multiple levels of influence on biking to better inform researchers and practitioners on the effective use of community resources, programming and policymaking. It is an ideal resource for public health professionals trying to encourage physical activity through biking. In addition, it makes the case for new infrastructure that supports these initiatives. - Provides evidence-based insights on cost-effective interventions for improving biking participation - Includes numerous case studies and best practices that highlight multi-level approaches in a variety of settings - Explores individual and social factors related to biking behavior, such as race, gender and self-efficacy

Explores the reasons for difficulties in making cycling mainstream in many cultures, despite its claims for being one of the most sustainable forms of transport. This title examines the cultural development of cycling in countries with high use and the differences in use between different sub-groups of the population.

This 2 volume set comprises of the 4th edition of Volume 1 and the 5th edition of Volume 2. The fifth edition of Volume 1 of Handbook of Obesity written by global experts covers the basic science aspects under the broad topic areas of epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of obesity. Divided into 5 sections and detailed in 66 chapters, this edition covers the important advances occurring over the past decades. With a focus on science of obesity and factors participating in the etiology of obesity, this topic is studied from biological, behavioural and environmental perspectives. Volume 1 is structured into 5 parts: Part 1 focuses on the history, definitions, and prevalence of the obesity. It identifies the historical references to excess weight, obesity in art and literature, direct and surrogate measurements of adiposity and obesity related traits, epidemiology of obesity around the globe, and age, sex and ethnic variation completes this part of the volume. Part 2 explains the biological determinants of obesity. It explains the bioenergetics, energy dissipation mechanisms and exposure to experimental overfeeding, genetic and epigenetic evidence, metabolic rates, energy expenditure and energy partitioning, and the evidence on infections and adiposity. Part 3 describes the behavioral determinants of obesity. It deals with chapters related to food, beverages, and ingestive behavior, dealing with smoking, breast-feeding, and sleep duration and pattern, and sedentary behavior, occupational work, and leisure-time physical activity and obesity. Part 4 comprises of chapters explaining the environmental, social, and cultural determinants of obesity. The chapters in this section focus on the role of agriculture and the food industry in the current obesity epidemic, social and economic aspects of obesity, and ethnic and cultural differences and environmental pollutants. Part 5 of this volume discusses the health consequences of obesity. The chapters address important topics such obesity and heart disease, lipoprotein metabolism, insulin resistance and diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cancer, hepatic biology, pulmonary functions, and arthritis and gout, mental health and quality of life, growth and health disorders in pediatric populations, and on bias and discrimination affecting the obese persons. Volume 2 of the 5th Edition of the Handbook of Obesity spotlights on clinical applications for evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of obesity. It covers on the several major developments occurred between the previous and the new edition, including the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on people with obesity, the concept of "Precision Medicine", and new medications approved by USFDA aiding patients with obesity weight loss of 15 to 20%. This volume is structured into 5 parts: Part 1 provides insights from evolution on changes in diet and physical activity, and the implications and results for preventing obesity, health care costs associated with obesity and the cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention and treatment. Part 2 deals with evaluation of overweight patients, approaches for classifying obesity and using this knowledge to evaluate patients, and addressing ethnic and racial considerations in evaluating patients with obesity. Part 3 explains the impact of lifestyle in managing obesity, which include behavioural management, diet, dietary composition, and meal timing, and the effects of physical activity and exercise in weight loss and weight loss maintenance. Part 4 is focused on medications in the management of obesity. This includes drug selection, various classes of drugs, combination of drugs affecting weight loss, effect of herbal agents on weight loss and treatment of obesity in pediatric populations, genetic diseases causing obesity and the role of drugs in treating the dyslipidemias. Part 5 discusses bariatric surgery, its history, procedure and effects in details, and other surgical techniques including electric stimulation of the vagus nerve, gastric balloons, intestinal liners and liposuction.