Studies of bilingual behavior have been proliferating for decades, yet short shrift has been given to its major manifestation, the incorporation of words from one language into the discourse of another. This volume redresses that imbalance by going straight to the source: bilingual speakers in their social context. Building on more than three decades of original research based on vast quantities of spontaneous performance data and a highly ramified analytical apparatus, Shana Poplack characterizes the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in the speech community and in the grammar, both synchronically and diachronically. In contrast to most other treatments, which deal with the product of borrowing (if they consider it at all), this book examines the process: how speakers go about incorporating foreign items into their bilingual discourse; how they adapt them to recipient-language grammatical structure; how these forms diffuse across speakers and communities; how long they persist in real time; and whether they change over the duration. Attacking some of the most contentious issue in language mixing research empirically, it tests hypotheses about established loanwords, nonce borrowings and code-switches on a wealth of unique datasets on typologically similar and distinct language pairs. A major focus is the detailed analysis of integration: the principal mechanism underlying the borrowing process. Though the shape the borrowed form assumes may be colored by community convention, Poplack shows that the act of transforming donor-language elements into native material is universal. Emphasis on actual speaker behavior coupled with strong standards of proof, including data-driven reports of rates of occurrence, conditioning of variant choice and measures of statistical significance, make Borrowing an indispensable reference on language contact and bilingual behavior.

In today’s dynamic economic landscape, the ability to navigate borrowing options wisely is a vital skill. Whether seeking to fund a business venture, cover unexpected expenses, or purchase a home, understanding the intricacies of borrowing money is essential for financial stability and growth. “Borrowing Money” is a practical guide designed to demystify the world of borrowing, offering practical insights and strategies to empower readers in making informed financial decisions. This manual is for those venturing into the realm of credit cards, loans, and financial assistance. From the fundamentals of credit card applications to the nuances of debt consolidation and the intricacies of student loans, each chapter is crafted to provide a clear understanding of the borrowing landscape. Delving into topics such as personal loans, mortgages, and the importance of credit scores, readers will gain valuable knowledge on how to navigate the borrowing process effectively. The chapters within “Borrowing Money” cover a wide array of subjects, each aimed at addressing common financial challenges and offering actionable solutions. Whether exploring the benefits of cash advances, understanding loan sharks, or discovering the world of payday loans, this manual serves as a valuable resource for individuals seeking to manage their finances wisely. Moreover, “Borrowing Money” goes beyond mere information, providing insights into the emotional and practical aspects of financial stress and the importance of safeguarding one’s financial well-being. With a focus on empowerment and education, this guide aims to equip readers with the tools and knowledge necessary to make sound financial decisions and achieve financial resilience. Translator: Owen Jones PUBLISHER: TEKTIME

The OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook provides regular updates of trends and developments associated with sovereign borrowing requirements and debt levels from the perspective of public debt managers.

This ground-breaking book examines the multifaceted dynamics between copyright law and music borrowing within a rich diversity of music genres from across the world. It evaluates how copyright laws under different generic conventions may influence, or are influenced by, time-honoured creative borrowing practices. Leading experts from around the world scrutinise a carefully selected range of musical genres, including pop, hip-hop, jazz, blues, electronic and dance music, as well as a diversity of region-specific genres, such as Jamaican music, River Plate Tango, Irish folk music, Hungarian folk music, Flamenco, Indian traditional music, Australian indigenous music, Maori music and many others. This genre-conscious analysis builds on a theoretical section in which musicologists and lawyers offer their insights into fundamental issues concerning music genre categorisation, the typology of music borrowing and copyright law's ontological struggle with musical borrowing in theory and practice. The chapters are threaded together by a central theme, ie, that the cumulative nature of music creativity is the result of collective bargaining processes among many 'musicking' parties that have socially constructed creative music authorship under a rich mix of generic conventions.

The OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook provides regular updates on trends and developments associated with sovereign borrowing requirements, funding strategies, market infrastructure and debt levels from the perspective of public debt managers.

Hardie investigates the link between the financialization – defined as the ability to trade risk – and the capacity of emerging market governments to borrow from private markets. He considers the government bond markets in Brazil, Lebanon and Turkey and includes interviews with 126 financial market actors.

The OECD Sovereign Borrowing Outlook provides data and information on borrowing needs and funding policies for the OECD area and country groupings.

This book is a detailed study of French-English linguistic borrowing in Prince Edward Island, Canada which argues for the centrality of lexical innovation to grammatical change. Chapters 1–4 present the theoretical and methodological perspectives adopted along with the sociolinguistic history of Acadian French. Chapter 5 outlines the basic features of Acadian French morphosyntax. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the linguistic consequences of language contact in Prince Edward Island. Chapters 7–9 consider three particular cases of grammatical borrowing: the borrowing of the English adverb back and the semantic and syntactic reanalysis it has undergone, the borrowing of a wide range of English prepositions, resulting in dramatic changes in the syntactic behaviour of French prepositions, and the borrowing of English wh-ever words, resulting in the emergence of a new type of free relative. Chapter 10 argues for a theory of grammar contact by which contact-induced grammatical change is mediated by the lexicon.