In this book, leading world authorities on brain edema and neurological disorders/injuries and experts in preconditioning join forces to discuss the latest progress in basic sciences, translational research, and clinical management strategies relating to these conditions. The range of topics covered is wide, including microglia, energy metabolism, trace metals and ion channels, vascular biology, cellular treatment, hemorrhagic stroke, novel technological advances, anesthesia and medical gases, pediatric brain edema, neuroimaging, behavioral assessment, clinical trials, peripheral to central signaling pathways, preconditioning translation, and animal models for preconditioning and brain edema research. The book comprises presentations from Brain Edema 2014, the joint meeting of the 16th International Conference on Brain Edema and Cellular Injury and the 3rd Symposium on Preconditioning for Neurological Disorders, held in Los Angeles on September 27–30, 2014.

New Therapeutic Strategies for Brain Edema and Cell Injury, Volume 145, the latest release in the International Review of Neurobiology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this volume presenting interesting chapters on the Blood-brain barrier breakdown and brain edema formation in Alzheimer’s disease, Blast brain Injury induced edema formation and therapeutic measures, Brain edema in Parkinson’s disease. Novel therapeutic strategies, Brain edema and blood-brain barrier breakdown in sleep deprivation. Therapeutic potential of cerebrolysin, Differential cell injury induced by NMDA antagonist MK 801 in early age, Anesthetics influence Brain edema in concussive head injury, and more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the International Review of Neurobiology series Updated release includes the latest information on New Therapeutic strategies for Brain Edema and Cell Injury

The Symposium on Brain Edema has been organized by the Osterreichische Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Neuropathologie and by the Problem Commission for Neuropathology of the World Federa tion of Neurology. We would like to express our thanks to Dr. L. van Bogaert, president of the W.F.N., for his great interest in the design of this conference and for his energetic support. One of the aims ofthe Problem Commission for Neuropathology has been to contribute to the advances in various problems which are becoming ripe for elucidation by experts in different fields. The idea of the Symposium on Brain Edema has as its background a compelling necessity to elucidate this subject which is clinically so important and neuropathologic ally so poorly understood. It was hoped that this could be achieved by a multidisciplinary approach involving a variety of aspects to be discussed and correlated. Brain edema, being an abnormal cerebral condition, belongs basically to the sphere of neuropathology, but to be successful in our endeavors we had to apply neuropathology in its most modern and widest terms. By this we understand that such neuropathology includes the study of all abnormal phenomena in the nervous tissue related to the structural alterations, and by "structural" we mean not only tissual or cellular ones but also changes on ultrastructural and molecular levels. Thus we needed close and integrated coopera tion of experts in fields such as neurohistology, histochemistry, electron microscopy, neurochemistry, and neurophysiology.

This volume contains the papers presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie, held in Mainz, Western Germany, on April 30 - May 3, 1973. Deliberate choice was made of two crucial still hotly debated subjects which, for ages, have meant a source of constant worry, and nights without sleep to every neurosurgeon. Just as long as our special field exists, there have been the problems of how to control brain edema and ·of how to reduce lethality and the secondary lesions in surgery of cerebello-pontine angle tumors. Concerning the first subject, new pathological, pathophysiological and chemical aspects, the mechanisms of brain edema formation and resolution are presented in the hope for better understanding. Furthermore, the relationship between brain edema, intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and metabolism are discussed. Finally, the therapeutical consequences as well as the results of experimental and clinical work are presented, and a comparison of effects between different methods (hypertonic solutions, diuretics, steroids, controlled hyperventilation, hyperbaric oxygen) is given. Concerning the second main subject, any important contributions to the early diagnosis of cerebello-pontine angle tumors have been included. Nevertheless, it is of utmost interest for the neurosurgeon to know which approach he is to prefer for the different stages of tumor size and to be familiar with the trans labyrinthine approach or the posterior craniotomy, as well as with the importance of the use of the microscope in neurosurgery, the preservation of the facial nerve and, in certain cases, its repair.

A workshop on Dynamic Aspects of Cerebral Edema was organized to pro vide an opport~nitY,for interdisciplinary and detailed consideration of this subject, so crucial in neurology and neurosurgery. The previ ous workshops were held in Vienna in 1965 and in Mainz in 1972. In the meantime, our ideas on mechanisms of resolution of cerebral edema had been changing drastically. Controversy had arisen regarding the role of biogenic amines in the development of edema. Active work in several centers had indicated the possibility of a reversible compo nent in edematous changes associated with ischemia, the control of which could be of therapeutic significance in the problem of stroke. It was felt that a thorough discussion, at this time, by those involv ed in these various studies should help to resolve the controversies, to crystallize the implications of the new findings, and to evaluate their application for patient care. In preparing the proceedings for publication we have edited the manu scripts and selected the discussions with an aim to highlight new find ings, to make this volume readable, and to eliminate duplication. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the institutions and organizations previously listed. Many individuals contributed to the success of the workshop and the preparation of the proceedings for publication. Doctors J.B. Brierley, I. Klatzo, H.J. Reulen, and A.G.

Brain Edema: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Practice brings together the most widely recognized experts in experimental and clinical brain edema research to review the current knowledge gathered on the molecular and cellular pathophysiology and clinical management of brain edema. This timely book also discusses future directions of research and treatment. Brain edema is an integral and acutely life-threatening part of the pathophysiology of multiple cerebral and non-cerebral disorders, including traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, brain tumors, cardiac arrest, altitude sickness and liver failure. Affecting millions worldwide, research over the past few years has shown that a plethora of complex molecular and cellular mechanisms contribute to this pathological accumulation of water in the brain parenchyma. In parallel, the development of new neuroimaging tools has provided a new way to examine how edema develops longitudinally and in real time, both in pre-clinical models and in patients. Despite intense research over the past few decades, therapeutic options are still limited and sometimes not effective. - Presents a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in edema formation and resolution - Discusses the specific role of edema development in several pathologies, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, cardiac arrest, and liver failure - Proposes a new classification of edema based on molecular processes - Discusses clinical management of new clinical trials coming from pre-clinical studies - Addresses the possible link between edema formation, other molecular and cellular processes, including inflammation and neuroinflammation

Our understanding of human neuro-anatomy, and ability to safely access lesions in complex locations, are in continuous evolution. The subcortical white matter space is among the most intricate, yet least understood, regions of the brain, with regards to its billions of connections and the subtle clinical and clinical functions it subserves. Neurosurgical procedures in the subcortical space and intraventricular system have been traditionally very difficult due to their depth, the need for brain retraction, and limited understanding and imaging capability of this region. Common lesions encountered in the subcortical space include brain metastases, gliomas, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Surgical access to this region has classically been hindered, and is highly limited by evolving technological applications to medicine and surgery. Traditionally, the technology (optics, imaging, resection devices, illumination) needed to perform safe subcortical surgery was not commensurate with the surgeon’s needs. Over the past decade, major strides in our ability to image, navigate, and safely access subcortical tumors and other lesions have been made. These include parafascicular, trans-sulcal approaches that may be channel-based to provide safe retraction of the cortical and subcortical matter. A confluence of optical, computational and mechanical technology have greatly enabled our ability to treat such lesions, and include advanced MR imaging such as diffusion tractography, neuronavigation, channel-based access ports, exoscopic visualization, fiber-optic illumination, and novel resection devices. Parafascicular, channel-based subcortical surgery is a relatively new field with evolving indications and approaches that promises to evolve considerably over the next several decades. We aim to develop the first comprehensive reference text compiling the known evidence and experience from expert practitioners in the field of subcortical parafascicular surgery. This book will provide a major foundation for future development of the field, and be a first and definitive reference for decades to come. Subcortical Neurosurgery: Open and Parafascicular Channel-Based Approaches for Subcortical and Intraventricular Lesions will be the definitive reference on surgery of the subcortical region. It will comprehensively discuss all aspects of treatment of subcortical and intraventricular lesions, including neuroanatomy and neuroimaging of the subcortical space, principles of parafascicular subcortical channel-based surgery, common indications and approaches, and focused chapters for common subcortical lesions. The first section of the reference focuses on the intricate anatomy and neuro-imaging of the subcortical space and ventricular system, with special emphasis on intricate white matter tracts and diffusion tractography imaging. The next section of the book discusses principles of both open and parafascicular, channel-based approaches to subcortical and intraventricular lesions, in addition to workhorse approaches to common subcortical compartments. Finally, specific pathological subcortical lesions that can be commonly addressed via parafascicular channel-based approaches, including brain metastases, gliomas, and intracerebral hemorrhage will be addressed. Authored by experts in the field of subcortical neurosurgery, this book was developed to provide a unique, comprehensive text for neurosurgeons, neuro-radiologists, and trainees from a variety of specialties interested in evolving minimally disruptive access and treatment of the subcortical space.

In this issue of Neuroimaging Clinics, guest editors Drs. Joseph Gemmete and Zachary Wilseck bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Advanced Imaging in Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke. Top experts in the field discuss metabolic imaging such as PET, in vivo O17 MRS imaging, quantitative sodium MR imaging, pharmacological MRI (pHMRI), dual-energy CT, vessel wall imaging, and more. - Contains 11 relevant, practice-oriented topics including CT/CTA/perfusion in acute ischemic stroke/vasospasm; MRI/MRA/perfusion in acute ischemic stroke and vasospasm; MR imaging of cerebral aneurysmal wall for rupture risk; dual-energy CT in imaging of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke; metabolic imaging of acute ischemic stroke (PET, spectroscopy, O17 imaging, sodium imaging, PH imaging); and more. - Provides in-depth clinical reviews on advanced imaging in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. - Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

Essentials of Neuroanesthesia offers useful insights on the anesthetic management of neurosurgical and neurologic patients. This book covers all topics related to neuroanesthesia, providing essential knowledge on the brain and spinal cord. Sections include chapters on anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology, along with specific chapters related to various neurosurgical and neurological problems and their anesthetic management. This book provides an understanding of related issues, such as palliative care, evidence based practice of neuroanesthesia, sterilization techniques, biostatistics, and ethical issues, and is useful for trainees, clinicians, and researchers in the fields of neurosurgery, neurocritical care, neuroanesthesia, and neurology. - Offers useful insights on the anesthetic management of neurosurgical and neurologic patients - Discusses related issues, such as palliative care, evidence based practice of neuroanesthesia, sterilization techniques, biostatistics, and ethical issues - Useful for trainees, clinicians, and researchers in the fields of neurosurgery, neurocritical care, neuroanesthesia, and neurology

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