Calculating x-ray tube spectra provides a comprehensive review of the modelling of x-ray tube emissions, with a focus on medical imaging and radiotherapy applications. It begins by covering the relevant background, before discussing modelling approaches, including both analytical formulations and Monte Carlo simulation. Historical context is provided, based on the past century of literature, as well as a summary of recent developments and insights. The book finishes with example applications for spectrum models, including beam quality prediction and the calculation of dosimetric and image-quality metrics. This book will be a valuable resource for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students studying medical radiation physics, in addition to those in teaching, research, industry and healthcare settings whose work involves x-ray tubes. Key Features: Covers simple modelling approaches as well as full Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray tubes Bremsstrahlung and characteristic contributions to the spectrum are discussed in detail Learning is supported by free open-source software and an online repository of code.

This Book Is Based On The Common Core Syllabus Of Up Technical University. It Explains, In A Simple And Systematic Manner, The Basic Principles And Applications Of Engineering Physics. After Explaining The Special Theory Of Relativity, The Book Presents A Detailed Analysis Of Optics.Scalar And Vector Fields Are Explained Next, Followed By Electrostatics. Magnetic Properties Of Materials Are Then Described. The Basic Concepts And Applications Of X-Rays Are Highlighted Next. Quantum Theory Is Then Explained, Followed By A Lucid Account Of Lasers. After Explaining The Basic Theory, The Book Presents A Series Of Interesting Experiments To Enable The Students To Acquire A Practical Knowledge Of The Subject.A Large Number Of Questions And Model Test Papers Have Also Been Added. Different Chapters Have Been Revised And More Numerical Problems As Per Requirement Have Been Added. The Book Would Serve As An Excellent Text For First Year Engineering Students. Diploma Students Would Also Find It Extremely Useful.

Containing chapter contributions from over 130 experts, this unique publication is the first handbook dedicated to the physics and technology of X-ray imaging, offering extensive coverage of the field. This highly comprehensive work is edited by one of the world’s leading experts in X-ray imaging physics and technology and has been created with guidance from a Scientific Board containing respected and renowned scientists from around the world. The book's scope includes 2D and 3D X-ray imaging techniques from soft-X-ray to megavoltage energies, including computed tomography, fluoroscopy, dental imaging and small animal imaging, with several chapters dedicated to breast imaging techniques. 2D and 3D industrial imaging is incorporated, including imaging of artworks. Specific attention is dedicated to techniques of phase contrast X-ray imaging. The approach undertaken is one that illustrates the theory as well as the techniques and the devices routinely used in the various fields. Computational aspects are fully covered, including 3D reconstruction algorithms, hard/software phantoms, and computer-aided diagnosis. Theories of image quality are fully illustrated. Historical, radioprotection, radiation dosimetry, quality assurance and educational aspects are also covered. This handbook will be suitable for a very broad audience, including graduate students in medical physics and biomedical engineering; medical physics residents; radiographers; physicists and engineers in the field of imaging and non-destructive industrial testing using X-rays; and scientists interested in understanding and using X-ray imaging techniques. The handbook's editor, Dr. Paolo Russo, has over 30 years’ experience in the academic teaching of medical physics and X-ray imaging research. He has authored several book chapters in the field of X-ray imaging, is Editor-in-Chief of an international scientific journal in medical physics, and has responsibilities in the publication committees of international scientific organizations in medical physics. Features: Comprehensive coverage of the use of X-rays both in medical radiology and industrial testing The first handbook published to be dedicated to the physics and technology of X-rays Handbook edited by world authority, with contributions from experts in each field

About ten years after the first edition comes this second edition of Monte Carlo Techniques in Radiation Therapy: Introduction, Source Modelling, and Patient Dose Calculations, thoroughly updated and extended with the latest topics, edited by Frank Verhaegen and Joao Seco. This book aims to provide a brief introduction to the history and basics of Monte Carlo simulation, but again has a strong focus on applications in radiotherapy. Since the first edition, Monte Carlo simulation has found many new applications, which are included in detail. The applications sections in this book cover the following: Modelling transport of photons, electrons, protons, and ions Modelling radiation sources for external beam radiotherapy Modelling radiation sources for brachytherapy Design of radiation sources Modelling dynamic beam delivery Patient dose calculations in external beam radiotherapy Patient dose calculations in brachytherapy Use of artificial intelligence in Monte Carlo simulations This book is intended for both students and professionals, both novice and experienced, in medical radiotherapy physics. It combines overviews of development, methods, and references to facilitate Monte Carlo studies.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Combinatorial Image Analysis, IWCIA 2020, held in Novi Sad, Serbia, in July 2020. The 20 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 23 submissions. The papers are grouped into two sections. The first one includes twelve papers devoted to theoretical foundations of combinatorial image analysis, including digital geometry and topology, array grammars, picture languages, digital tomography, and other technical tools for image analysis. The second part includes eight papers presenting application-driven research on topics such as image repairing, annotation of images, image reconstruction, forgery detection, and dealing with noise in images.

No.-I Matter Waves : Inadequacies of classical mechanics, Photoelectric phenomenon, Compton effect, wave particle duality, de-Broglie matter waves and their experimental verification, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Complementary principle, Principle of superposition, Motion of wave packets. No.-II Schrodinger Equation and its Applications : Schrodinger wave equation, Interpretation of wave function, Expectation values of dynamical variables, Ehrenfest theorem, Orthonormal properties of wave functions, One dimensional motion in step potential, Rectangular barrier, Square well potential, Particle in a box, normalization, Simple Harmonic Oscillator. No.-III Atomic Spectra : Spectra of hydrogen, deuteron and alkali atoms, spectral terms, doublet fine structure, screening constants for alkali spectra for s, p, d, and f states, selection rules. Singlet and triplet fine structure in alkaline earth spectra, L-S and J-J couplings. Weak spectra: continuous X-ray spectrum and its dependence on voltage, Duane and Haunt’s law. Characteristics X-rays, Moseley’s law, doublet structure and screening parameters in X-ray spectra, X-ray absorption spectra. No.-IV Molecular Spectra : Discrete set of electronic energies of molecules, quantisation of vibrational and rotational energies, determination of internuclear distance, pure rotation and rotation- vibration spectra, Dissociation limit for the ground and other electronic states, transition rules for pure vibration and electronic vibration spectra.

This extensively revised 4th edition of an established physics text offers coverage of the recent developments at A/AS-Level, with each topic explained in straightforward terms, starting at an appropriate Level (7/8) of the National Curriculum