Optical biosensors based on fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are a promising alternative to conventional biosensors due to the exceptional photophysical properties of SWNT. Such sensors can enable highly-sensitive, selective, and real-time detection of biological analytes. However, important questions regarding sensor fabrication and reproducibility must be addressed for these sensors to be of practical value. Herein we describe the use of highly-purified, single-chirality SWNT which are functionalized for antibody detection, and demonstrate that reproducibility is drastically improved with these SWNT. Further, we observe a concentration dependence of the effective equilibrium dissociation constant, KD,eff, which is in good agreement with previous reports, yet has eluded mechanistic description due to complexities associated with multivalent interactions. We show that a bivalent binding mechanism is able to describe this concentration dependence of KD,eff which varies from 100 pM to 1 uM for IgG concentrations from 1 ng/ml to 100 ug/ml, respectively. The mechanism is shown to describe the unusual concentration-dependent scaling demonstrated by other sensor platforms in the literature, and a comparison is made between resulting parameters. The platform is then extended to the detection of human growth hormone (hGH) using SWNT functionalized with a native hGH receptor (hGH-R), with potential use as a real-time and label-free measurement of protein activity. Native hGH is detected in the micromolar range, and an invariant equilibrium dissociation constant of 9 uM is revealed upon fitting the calibration curve to a single-site adsorption model. Selective detection of native hGH over thermally denatured hGH is shown at a concentration which is 1% of a clinical dose. Lastly, a multichannel detector was built to demonstrate real-time characterization of multiple protein properties. This work could find broad impact in biomanufacturing as real-time analysis of complex biologics is a long-standing goal in this field.

This volume summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies, key advances and future trends in the field of label-free biosensing. It provides detailed insights into the different types of solid-state, label-free biosensors, their underlying transducer principles, advanced materials utilized, device-fabrication techniques and various applications. The book offers graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals a comprehensive source of information on all facets of label-free biosensing and the future trends in this flourishing field. Highlights of the subjects covered include label-free biosensing with: · semiconductor field-effect devices such as nanomaterial-modified capacitive electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structures, silicon nanowire transistors, III-nitride semiconductor devices and light-addressable potentiometric sensors · impedimetric biosensors using planar and 3D electrodes · nanocavity and solid-state nanopore devices · carbon nanotube and graphene/graphene oxide biosensors · electrochemical biosensors using molecularly imprinted polymers · biomimetic sensors based on acoustic signal transduction · enzyme logic systems and digital biosensors based on the biocomputing concept · heat-transfer as a novel transducer principle · ultrasensitive surface plasmon resonance biosensors · magnetic biosensors and magnetic imaging devices

We have achieved two types of biomolecular sensors, colorimetric protein chips and label-free electrical sensors using high yield of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). First, pseudo 3-dimensional SWNT films coated with carbonyldiimidazole-Tween20 (CDI-Tween20) surfactant demonstrated as a facile platform for fluorescence based protein chip. Highly selective protein bindings of biotin-BSA+SA (streptavidin) and SpA (protein A)+IgG (Immunoglobulin G) pairs, as well as those of small molecules such as FLAG peptide+anti-FLAG and biotin-SA. In this system, the geometry of pseudo 3-dimensional high yield of SWNTs preserves protein shapes intact, therefore increases the efficiencies of specific bindings. Furthermore, CDI-Tween20 mediates effective immobilization of probe proteins through covalent linkage, as well as prohibition of nonspecific bindings. By avoiding bovine serum albumin (BSA) which has been generally used as a biomolecular blocking agent during the protein chip manufacturing, it has been possible to reduce process steps, quenching of interaction signals from small molecules, and background noise. We also have fabricated ultrahigh sensitive electrical protein sensors using single-walled carbon nanotube-field effect transistors (SWNT-FETs) which contain increased Schottky contact area. A simple fabrication technique utilizing thin shadow mask and thermal evaporation at tilted angles allowed metal to penetrate underneath of the mask efficiently. Hence, thin and wide metal to SWNT contact regions are obtained, which could accommodate more proteins comparing to the typically fabricated SWNT-FET devices by photolithography. Direct protein adsorption of SpA and specific binding of hCG+anti Beta-hCG pairs on SWNT-FET changed more than 1% of conductance change at 1 pM concentration without NSB. These new SWNT-FET devices have increased the detection limit about four orders of magnitude compared to the previous devices.

Handbook of Nanomaterials for Intelligent Sensing Applications provides insights into the production of nanosensors and their applications. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach, showing how nano-enhanced sensing technology is being used in a variety of industry sectors and addressing related challenges surrounding the production, fabrication and application of nanomaterials-based sensors at both experimental and theoretical levels. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers who want to learn more about how nanomaterials are being used to enhance sensing products and devices for a variety of industry sectors. The pof miniaturized device components and engineering systems of micro- and nanoscale is beyond the capability of conventional machine tools. The production of intelligent sensors at nanometer scale presents great challenges to engineers in design and manufacture. The manufacturing of nano-scaled devices and components involves isolation, transportation and re-assembly of atoms and molecules. This nanomachining technology involves not only physical-chemical processes as in the case of microfabrication, but it also involves application and integration of the principles of molecular biology. - Explains how the functionalization of nanomaterials is being used to create more effective sensors - Explores the major challenges of using nanoscale sensors for industrial applications on a broad scale - Assesses which classes of nanomaterial should best be used for sensing applications

This book draws together recent data on both cytoplasmic and flagellar dyneins and the proteins they interact with, to give the reader a clear picture of what is currently known about the structure and mechanics of these remarkable macro-molecular machines. Each chapter is written by active researchers, with a focus on currently used biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological methods. In addition to comprehensive coverage of structural information gained by electron microscopy, electron cryo-tomography, X-ray crystallography, and nuclear magnetic resonance, this book provides detailed descriptions of mechanistic experiments by single-molecule nanometry.

Biosensors are poised to make a large impact in environmental, food, and biomedical applications, as they clearly offer advantages over standard analytical methods, including minimal sample preparation and handling, real-time detection, rapid detection of analytes, and the ability to be used by non-skilled personnel. Covering numerous applications of biosensors used in food and the environment, Portable Biosensing of Food Toxicants and Environmental Pollutants presents basic knowledge on biosensor technology at a postgraduate level and explores the latest advances in chemical sensor technology for researchers. By providing useful, state-of-the-art information on recent developments in biosensing devices, the book offers both newcomers and experts a roadmap to this technology. In the book, distinguished researchers from around the world show how portable and handheld nanosensors, such as dynamic DNA and protein arrays, enable rapid and accurate detection of environmental pollutants and pathogens. The book first introduces the basic principles of biosensing for newcomers to the technology. It then explains how the integration of a "receptor" can provide analytically useful information. It also describes trends in biosensing and examines how a small-sized device can have portability for the in situ determination of toxicants. The book concludes with several examples illustrating how to determine toxicants in food and environmental samples.

Nano-inspired Biosensors for Protein Assay with Clinical Applications introduces the latest developments in nano-inspired biosensing, helping readers understand both the fundamentals and frontiers in this rapidly advancing field. In recent decades, there has been increased interest in nano-inspired biosensors for clinical application. Proteins, e.g. antigen-antibody, tumor markers and enzymes are the most important target in disease diagnosis, and a variety of biosensing techniques and strategies have been developed for protein assay. This book brings together all the current literature on the most recent advances of protein analysis and new methodologies in designing new kinds of biosensors for clinical diagnostic use. - Provides a single source of information on the latest developments in the field of biosensors for protein analysis and clinical diagnosis - Focuses on biosensors fabricated with nanomaterials and nanotechnology - Gives detailed methodologies for designing and fabricating nano-inspired biosensors

This book reveals why carbon is playing such an increasingly prominent role as a sensing material. The various steps that transform a raw material in a sensing device are thoroughly presented and critically discussed. The authors deal with all aspects of carbon-based sensors, starting from the various hybridization and allotropes of carbon, with specific focus on micro and nano sized carbons (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene) and their growth processes. The discussion then moves to the role of functionalization and the different routes to achieve it. Finally, a number of sensing applications in various fields are presented, highlighting the connection with the basic properties of the various carbon allotropes. Readers will benefit from this book’s bottom-up approach, which starts from the local bonding in carbon solids and ends with sensing applications, linking the local hybridization of carbon atoms and its modification by functionalization to specific device performance. This book is a must-have in the library of any scientist involved in carbon based sensing application.

Carbon Nanotube-Based Sensors: Fabrication, Characterization, and Implementation highlights the latest research and developments on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their applications in sensors and sensing systems. It offers an overview of CNTs, including their synthesis, functionalization, characterization, and toxicology. It then delves into the fabrication and various applications of CNT-based sensors. FEATURES Defines the significance of different forms of CNT-based sensors synthesized for diverse engineering applications and compares the feasibility of their generation Helps readers evaluate different types of fabrication techniques to generate CNTs and their subsequent sensing Discusses fabrication of low-cost, efficient CNTs-based sensors that can be used for diverse applications and sheds light on synthesis methods for a range of printing techniques Highlights challenges and advances in security-related issues using CNTs-based sensors This book is aimed at researchers in the fields of materials and electrical engineering who are interested in the development of sensor technology for industrial, biomedical, and related applications.

This book provides a comprehensive review of established, cutting-edge, and future trends in the exponentially growing field of nanomaterials and their applications in biosensors and bioanalyses. Part I focuses on the key principles and transduction approaches, reviewing the timeline featuring the important historical milestones in the development and application of nanomaterials in biosensors and bioanalyses. Part II reviews various architectures used in nanobiosensing designs focusing on nanowires, one- and two-dimensional nanostructures, and plasmonic nanobiosensors with interferometric reflectance imaging. Commonly used nanomaterials, functionalization of the nanomaterials, and development of nanobioelectronics are discussed in detail in Part III with examples from screen-printed electrodes, nanocarbon films, and semiconductor quantum dots. Part IV reviews the current applications of carbon nanotubes, nanoneedles, plasmonic sensors, electrochemical scanning microscopes, and field-effect transistors with the future outlook for emerging technologies. Attention is also given to potential challenges, in particular, of taking these technologies at the point-of-need. The book concludes by providing a condensed summary of the contents, with emphasis on future directions. Nanomaterials have become an essential part of biosensors and bioanalyses in the detection and monitoring of medical, pharmaceutical, and environmental conditions, from cancer to chemical warfare agents. This book, with its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, will be an essential guide for all those involved in the research, design, development, and application of nanomaterials in biosensors and bioanalyses.