Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes present in all kingdoms of life, as they equilibrate the reaction between three simple but essential chemical species: CO2, bicarbonate, and protons. Discovered more than 80 years ago, in 1933, these enzymes have been extensively investigated due to the biomedical application of their inhibitors, but also because they are an extraordinary example of convergent evolution, with seven genetically distinct CA families that evolved independently in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. CAs are also among the most efficient enzymes known in nature, due to the fact that the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 is a very slow process and the physiological demands for its conversion to ionic, soluble species is very high. Inhibition of the CAs has pharmacological applications in many fields, such as antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, antiobesity, and anticancer agents/diagnostic tools, but is also emerging for designing anti-infectives, i.e., antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoan agents with a novel mechanism of action. Mitochondrial CAs are implicated in de novo lipogenesis, and thus selective inhibitors of such enzymes may be useful for the development of new antiobesity drugs. As tumor metabolism is diverse compared to that of normal cells, ultimately, relevant contributions on the role of the tumor-associated isoforms CA IX and XII in these phenomena have been published and the two isoforms have been validated as novel antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets, with antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors in various stages of clinical development. CAs also play a crucial role in other metabolic processes connected with urea biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, and so on, since many carboxylation reactions catalyzed by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase use bicarbonate, not CO2, as a substrate. In organisms other than mammals, e.g., plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, CAs are involved in photosynthesis, whereas in many parasites (fungi, protozoa), they are involved in the de novo synthesis of important metabolites (lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). The metabolic effects related to interference with CA activity, however, have been scarcely investigated. The present Special Issue of Metabolites aims to fill this gap by presenting the latest developments in the field of CAs and their role in metabolism.

Bacterial Carbonic Anhydrases, Volume 55 in The Enzymes series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics, including Overview on bacterial CA genetic families, Bacterial a-CAs, Bacterial ß-CAs, Bacterial ?-CAs, Bacterial ?-CAs, Sulfonamide bacterial CA inhibitors, Non-sulfonamide bacterial CA inhibitors, Helicobacter pylori CA inhibition, Neisseria gonorrhea CA inhibition, Vancomycin resistant enterococci CA inhibition, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CA inhibition, Mycobacterium tuberculosis CA inhibition, and Challenges for developing bacterial CA inhibitors as novel antibiotics. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in The Enzymes series - Highlights new advances on bacterial carbonic anhydrases

Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism is the we have concentrated on the acquisition and ninth volume in theseries Advances in Photosynthesis metabolism of carbon. However, a full understanding (Series Editor, Govindjee). Several volumes in this of reactions involved in the conversion of to series have dealt with molecular and biophysical sugars requires an integrated view of metabolism. aspects of photosynthesis in the bacteria, algae and We have, therefore, commissioned international cyanobacteria, focussing largely on what have been authorities to write chapters on, for example, traditionally, though inaccurately, termed the ‘light interactionsbetween carbon and nitrogen metabolism, reactions’(Volume 1, The Molecular Biology of on respiration in photosynthetic tissues and on the Cyanobacteria;Volume2,AnoxygenicPhotosynthetic control of gene expression by metabolism. Photo- Bacteria, Volume 3, Biophysical Techniques in synthetic carbon assimilation is also one of the most Photosynthesis and Volume 7, The Molecular Biology rapid metabolic processes that occurs in plant cells, of the Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in Chlamy- and therefore has to be considered in relation to domonas). Volume 4 dealt with Oxygenic Photo- transport, whether it be the initial uptake of carbon, synthesis: The Light Reactions, and volume 5 with intracellular transport between organelles, inter- Photosynthesis and the Environment, whereas the cellular transport, as occurs in plants, or transport structure and function of lipids in photosynthesis of photosynthates through and out of the leaf. All was covered in Volume 6 of this series: Lipids in these aspects of transport are also covered in the Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics, book.

This pioneering book offers a distinctive exploration of a previously uncharted realm; the book effectively amalgamates the fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, and molecular genetics concerning essential element-related genetic disorders, employing a coherent and logical approach. The result is a comprehensive guide to essential metals metabolism, covering their regulation, functions, and corresponding genetic disorders. It serves as an authoritative guide for a diverse audience, including medical students, medical nutritionists, medical geneticists, and basic medical scientists. This innovative perspective is particularly pertinent in an age where interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for comprehensive patient care and medical practice. By fostering a practice-centred approach in clinical medicine, the book will inspire clinicians to embrace a holistic viewpoint. Simultaneously, it beckons basic medical scientists to delve into the enigmatic domain of genetic disorders associated with essential elements.

Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a seemingly ubiquitous enzyme of profound physiological importance, which plays essential roles in respiration, acid-base homeostasis, bone resorption, calcification, photosynthesis, several biosynthetic pathways and a variety of processes involving ion, gas and fluid transfer. This enzyme, which is present in at least three gene families (a, ß, ?), has found favour as a model for the study of evolution of gene families and for site-directed mutagenesis in structure/function relationships, for protein folding and for transgenic and gene target studies. Since the early use of CA inhibitors as diuretics and in treating congestive heart failure, the enzyme has been target of considerable clinical attention. Much of this is now focused on endeavours to produce a new generation of such drugs for the effective treatment of glaucoma and other potential applications. Recent data, suggesting links between CA and various disease processes, including cancer, have stimulated further...

Therapeutic Application of Nitric Oxide in Cancer and Inflammatory Disorders presents updated reviews on the chemistry, signaling, pre-clinical and clinical activities on the role of nitric oxide donors/inhibitors used alone and in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This book examines various studies related to the application of novel therapeutic NO (donors/inhibitors) compounds in the treatment of various cancers. These studies have been shown to exert significant therapeutic activities against various cancers and various inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, allergies, and asthma, where no current effective therapies exist. Pathologies based on functional and structural vascular alterations are also taken into consideration. Edited and written by internationally renowned experts in the field of novel therapeutics for cancer, this book is a valuable source for cancer researchers, medical scientists, clinicians, clinical pharmacologists, and graduate students. - Provides readers with a clear overview of the recent findings and references as well as summaries, significant molecular pathways, and conclusions - Discusses new ideas proposed and makes suggestions for further investigations that will advance the field - Presents introductory and summary information on the contributions of the field, all the findings of the studies discussed, and projects future goals for research

Wallace O. Fenn (1893-1971) The proceedings of the satellite sym encompass the whole of physiology. His con posium of the XXV International Congress tributions over 50 years covered four main of Physiology on "C0 and Metabolic eras in the development of physiology: 2 Regulations" are dedicated to Wallace muscle, electrolyte, respiratory, and hyper Osgood Fenn. Dr. Fenn had agreed to be baric study. honorary conference chairman of this meet The study of muscle contraction started ing, but was unable to attend because of the in 1922 when Fenn became the first American to work in A. V. Hill's laboratory. Fenn illness from which he died two months later concluded this work by saying, " ... There on September 20, 1971. Wallace O. Fenn was born of an old is a fairly good quantitative relation between New England family in Lanesboro, Massa the heat production of muscles and the work chusetts on August 27, 1893. His father was which they perform; and a muscle which does dean of the Divinity School at Harvard ~ork liberates, ipso facto, an extra supply of University. It was at Harvard that Fenn energy which does not appear in an isometric received his A.B. (1914) and his M.S. (1916). contraction." (Fenn [1923]). A. V. Hill referred to this as the "Fenn effect," and so He then started his Ph.D. thesis there under the plant physiologist W. J. V. Osterhout, it has been known ever since.