It is well-established that organic synthetic processes have been at the core of the chemical industry for hundreds of years, in the production of organic compounds with a wide range of applications. However, we are becoming increasingly aware of the hazardous substances used and generated by these chemical processes. The field of organic synthesis has undergone profound changes to switch to equally efficient, but more sustainable processes that avoid the extensive use of toxic and hazardous reagents and solvents, harsh reaction conditions and expensive and sophisticated catalysts. Explaining methods for carrying out chemical syntheses without the use of catalysts, this book shows how avoiding catalysts during synthesis can mean less use of toxic chemicals, environmentally damaging chemicals or endangered elements and lower costs. It is an important reference for chemists involved in organic synthesis, as well as for green chemists.

A complete guide to the most important reduction method in organic synthesis The most comprehensive reference in the field, Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis provides synthetic chemists and chemical engineers in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals with detailed experimental guidelines for heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation. Organized by functional groups for ready reference and featuring detailed examples of hundreds of reactions, this handbook covers hydrogenations of alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes and ketones, nitriles, imines, nitro and nitroso compounds, carboxylic acids and esters, and aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. In addition, coverage includes the preparation of amines by reductive alkylation and the hydrogenolysis of a variety of compounds. Examples of hydrogenation of functional groups and reaction pathways are illustrated with numerous equations and schemes. Practitioners will appreciate the plenitude of experimental details given for most of the reactions selected, including amounts of reagents and catalysts, reaction temperatures, hydrogen pressures, and reaction times. They will also find helpful the more than one hundred tables included throughout the book detailing the effects of key factors governing rate and selectivity, such as compound structure, the nature of catalysts and supports, and the nature of solvents. Researchers will benefit from the introductory chapters covering an array of hydrogenation catalysts, including nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, platinum group metals, rhenium, and other oxide and sulfide catalysts, as well as reactors and reaction conditions.

1. Introduction to microwave chemistry 11; 2. Solvents 29; 3. Chemical reactions in the presence and absence of solvent 77; 4. Synthetic applications 95; 5. Getting started with microwave synthesis 157; 6. Microwave safety considerations 175; 7. Microwave hardware 181.

6th International Conference on Mathematics and Natural Sciences (the 6th ICMNS) Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 6th International Conference on Mathematics and Natural Sciences (the 6th ICMNS), November 2-3, 2016, Bandung, Indonesia

Organic synthesis with enzymes - the only way This comprehensive set gives reliable answers to all questions on enzyme catalysis - from searching for suitable catalytic systems via choosing the optimal reaction conditions to implementing modern synthesis strategies. The long-awaited new edition has been greatly expanded to include new topics and to reflect the latest research, yet retains the clear and practice-oriented presentation found in the first edition. More than a mere data collection, the three volumes provide synthetic chemists with easy access to all the first-hand information necessary for successfully using enzymes: - the latest synthesis methods - example applications arranged according to reaction type - a table of all the important, commercially available enzymes - comprehensive registers for targeted searching according to enzyme, compound, or reaction - current references to the literature In short, an indispensable reference that should be on the shelf of every modern synthesis laboratory.

This two volume set presents contemporary research and application in the economically and scientifically important area of transition metals for organic synthesis and fine chemicals production.

If the source materials and products fail to withstand the usually long reaction times at high temperatures and decompose, the yield is normally reduced. Therefore, the demand for increasingly clean and efficient chemical syntheses is continuously becoming more urgent from both an economic and an environmental standpoint. So-called green technologies are looking for alternative ways to reduce such drastic prerequisites for reactions. It is against this background that microwave technology has developed all the more into a powerful alternative that can be applied to practically the whole spectrum of organic synthesis. This volume brings together the latest developments in this fascinating field, supplemented by numerous practical tips, and thus provides those working in both research and industry with an indispensable source of information.

Describes recent advances in reduction, including the use of boron- and aluminum-based hydride reagents, as well as catalytic hydrogenation methods. Reports applications of reduction procedures with emphasis on selectivity, ranging from chemoselective to enantioselective reductions. Offers chapters on different aspects of reduction and presents a complementary mix of academic and industrial research ranging from theory to practical applications. Includes an overview chapter with 200 references by Nobel laureate H.C. Brown that surveys the development of hydride reduction in organic chemistry over the past 60 years.