Apoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This book presents research from around the world.

Apoptosis is the regulated form of cell death. It is a complex process defined by a set of characteristic morphological and biochemical features that involves the active participation of affected cells in a self-destruction cascade. This title looks at research into this programmed cell death.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The number of deaths caused by TB is second only to COVID-19. Therefore, vaccination plays an essential role in the prevention and control of TB. However, the efficacy of currently licensed TB vaccine, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), varies from 0%-80% in adults, and the protection only lasts for 10-15 years. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop advanced TB vaccines against TB infections.

Warfarin (also known under the brand names of Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant medication that is administered orally or, very rarely, by injection. It is used for the prophylaxis of thrombosis and embolism in many disorders. Its activity has to be monitored by frequent blood testing for the international normalised ratio (INR). It is named for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation. Warfarin is a synthetic derivative of coumarin, a chemical found naturally in many plants, notably woodruff (Galium odoratum, Rubiaceae), and at lower levels in liquorice, lavender and various other species. Warfarin was originally developed as a rat poison; however, more modern poisons are much more potent and toxic (e.g., brodifacoum). Warfarin and contemporary rodenticides belong to the same class of drugs (coumarins) and both decrease blood coagulation by interfering with vitamin K metabolism. For this reason, drugs in this class are also referred to as vitamin K antagonists.

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Air pollution is a chemical, physical, or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Enforced air quality standards, like the Clean Air Act in the United States, have reduced the presence of some pollutants. This book presents research dealing with air pollution.

These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Micro-Device Engineering (AMDE 2011), organized by the Advanced Technology Research Center, Gunma University, which was held on the 8th December 2011 in Kiryu, Japan. The scope of the conference covered: Materials Science, Chemical Science and Technology, Nano-Science and Technology, Photonic Devices and Technology, Novel Measurement and System Technology, Information and Communication Engineering and Medical Engineering. Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS).

The budding field of nanotechnology offers enormous potential for advances in medical science, engineering, transportation, computers, and many other industries. As this growing field solidifies, these technological advances may soon become a reality. Nanoscience and Advancing Computational Methods in Chemistry: Research Progress provides innovative chapters covering the growth of educational, scientific, and industrial research activities among chemical engineers and provides a medium for mutual communication between international academia and the industry. This book publishes significant research reporting new methodologies and important applications in the fields of chemical informatics and discusses latest coverage of chemical databases and the development of new experimental methods.