Columbus is the first blazing star in a constellation of European adventurers whose right to claim and conquer each land mass they encountered was absolutely unquestioned by their countrymen. How a system of religious beliefs made the taking of the New World possible and laudable is the focus of Kadir's timely review of the founding doctrines of empire. The language of prophecy and divine predestination fills the pronouncements of those who ventured across the Atlantic. The effects of such language and their implications for current theoretical debates about colonialism and decolonization are legion. Kadir suggests that in this supposedly postcolonial era, richer nations and the privileged still manipulate the rhetoric of conquest to justify and serve their own worldly ends. For colonized peoples who live today at the "ends of the earth," the age of exploitation may be no different from the age of exploration.

The European explorers who dared to face the perils of the unknown have in recent times become shrouded in controversy. No longer esteemed as heroes, except in their homelands, these bold explorers are now seen as purveyors of disease, destruction and slavery whose only interests were finding gold, becoming famous, and spreading their religious beliefs. But, as the author of this work points out, these explorers broke down long-standing myths and broadened the world's horizons. Beginning with Prince Henry the Navigator's worldly vision of finding a direct sea route to India and concluding with Ferdinand Magellan's quest to be the first man to sail around the world, this work tells the collective story of the numerous explorers who sought to find a path to the exotic spices and other treasures of the Far East. Most of the explorers included in this work were of the same generation and several of them even sailed together. The book also examines the political, social and economic factors that ushered in the age of exploration and had such an impact upon the explorers.

This ebook is a selective guide designed to help scholars and students of Islamic studies find reliable sources of information by directing them to the best available scholarly materials in whatever form or format they appear from books, chapters, and journal articles to online archives, electronic data sets, and blogs. Written by a leading international authority on the subject, the ebook provides bibliographic information supported by direct recommendations about which sources to consult and editorial commentary to make it clear how the cited sources are interrelated related. This ebook is a static version of an article from Oxford Bibliographies Online: Renaissance and Reformation, a dynamic, continuously updated, online resource designed to provide authoritative guidance through scholarship and other materials relevant to the study of European history and culture between the 14th and 17th centuries. Oxford Bibliographies Online covers most subject disciplines within the social science and humanities, for more information visit www.oxfordbibliographies.com.

The notion of apocalypse is an age-old concept which has gained renewed interest in popular and scholarly discourse. The book highlights the versatile explications of apocalypse today, demonstrating that apocalyptic transformations - the various encounters with anthropogenic climate change, nuclear violence, polarized politics, colonial assault, and capitalist extractivism - navigate a range of interdisciplinary views on the present moment. Moving from old worlds to new worlds, from world-ending experiences to apocalyptic imaginaries and, finally, from authoritarianism to activism and advocacy, the contributions begin to map the emerging field of Apocalyptic and Post-Apocalyptic Studies. Foregrounding the myriad ways in which collective imaginations of apocalypse underpin ethical, political, and, sometimes, individual experience, the authors provide key points of reference for understanding old and new predicaments that are transforming our many worlds.

AN Earthy Look At Christianity. Many biblical terms have a consistent symbolic significance from Genesis to Revelation eg nudity, light and darkness, virgins, harlots. Nudity occurs in three of the most significant events in the whole Bible, and in every case it is best understood symbolically. This book demonstrates that symbolism is so powerful it can, for example, change the status of Isaiah's virgin birth prophecy from an absurdity to an astonishing fulfilment of prophecy. Harlots (described in the book as God's warning lights) also figure very prominently in the biblical coverage of both Jews and Christians. Another key theme is to show that the raw seed-concepts of the Hebrew Bible evolve so neatly into the Christian New Testament viewpoint over a 1000+ years that readers may conclude uninspired biblical script writers could not have organized it. Here are some quotes from the book that introduce intriguing and/or provocative new trains of thought: 1 "If you think linking sex with religious experience is a bit rich then you need to do some more Bible study." 2 "Indulgence in adultery is the most obvious of the sins proscribed in the Ten Commandments that could trace directly to hormonal influences." 3 "Should we be joining Haters Anonymous, Schadenfreude Anonymous or Egotists Anonymous . . in order to qualify for a better land and to actually enjoy it." 4 "Some of our excretory functions are less than ideal for a brand new earth . . the creator team could have done better by us . . if they wanted to." 5 "It is tacitly assumed God did not conduct experiments in His creation efforts. No need to . . He knows the end from the beginning! But . . ." Other challenging insights emerge in connection with Lot's use of his daughters as sex-sops, the possible symbolic significance of the Mosaic decree to cut off a lady's hand if she squeezed testicles, the massaging of data in St Matthew's genealogies, a religious uncertainty principle, and the reason God doesn't do something to stop the frightful things happening in the world. This is not a book built on hype and emotion.It makes extensive use of scholarly sources but has a light-hearted journalistic approach and is easy to read. In exploring the spiritual import of sexual issues in nature and revelation it offers fresh perspectives on the bitter creation-evolution debate, the gross and genocidal behavior of the chosen people, the currently unacceptable biblical restrictions on human sexual behavior, and the decidedly low-key role of women in organized religion. Innovative, succinct, engaging, thought-provoking, and sometimes shocking!

The first part of this study explores the extent to which Dante’s Divine Comedy contributed to Christopher Columbus’s perception of the cosmos and the eschatological meaning of his journey to what he called an ‘other world.’ The second considers how Italian writers and artists of the late Renaissance and Counter Reformation received the news of the ‘discovery’ and the extent to which they used the figure of Dante and the pseudo-prophecy of the Commedia to interpret its significance.