This textbook describes the basics of research in medical, clinical, and biomedical settings as well as the concepts and application of epidemiologic designs in research conduct. Design transcends statistical techniques, and no matter how sophisticated a statistical modeling, errors of design/sampling cannot be corrected. The authors of this textbook have presented a complex field in a very simplified and reader-friendly manner with the intent that such presentation will facilitate the understanding of design process and epidemiologic thinking in clinical and biomedical research. Covers these relevant topics in epidemiology: Case-Cohort Design Prospective Case-Control Quantitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) Instant Cohort Design & Case-Crossover Design Effect Modification & Interaction Epidemiologic Tree - Molecular Epidemiology & Health Disparities Epidemiologic Challenge Big Data, mHealth, Social Media 3 Ts - Team Science, Transdisciplinary Research, Translational Research Bias, Random error, Confounding Systems Science & Evidence Discovery Research is presented as an exercise around measurement, with measurement error inevitable in its conducthence the inherent uncertainties of all findings in clinical and biomedical research. Concise Epidemiologic Principles and Concepts covers research conceptualization, namely research objectives, questions, hypothesis, design, implementation, data collection, analysis, results, and interpretation. While the primary focus of epidemiology is to assess the relationship between exposure (risk or predisposing factor) and outcome (disease or health-related event), causal association is presented in a simplified manner, including the role of quantitative evidence synthesis (meta-analysis) in causal inference. Epidemiology has evolved over the past three decades resulting in several fields being developed. This text presents in brief the perspectives and future of epidemiology in the era of the molecular basis of medicine. With molecular epidemiology, we are better equipped with tools to identify molecular biologic indicators of risk as well as biologic alterations in the early stages of disease.

Biostatistics deals with making sense of data. While statistical inference is essential in our application of the research findings to clinical decision-making regarding the care of our patients, statistical inference without clinical relevance or importance can be very misleading and even meaningless. This textbook has attempted to deemphasize p value in the interpretation of clinical and biomedical data by stressing the importance of confidence intervals, which allow for the quantification of evidence. For example, a large study due to a large sample size that minimizes variability may show a statistically significant difference while in reality the difference is too insignificant to warrant any clinical relevance. Covers these relevant topics in biostatistics: Design Process, Sampling & Reality in Statistical Modeling Basics of Biostatistical Reasoning & Inference Central Tendency Theorem & Measures of Dispersion Most commonly used & abused parametric test t test Most commonly used & abused non-parametric test chi squared statistic Sample size and power estimations Logistic/Binomial Regression Models Binary Outcomes Time-to-Event Data - Survival Analysis & Count Data Poisson Regression ANOVA, ANCOVA Mixed Effects Model (Fixed and Random), RANOVA,GEE Simple & Multiple Linear Regression Models Correlation Analysis (Pearson & Spearman Rank) Clinical & Statistical Significance p value as a function of sample size Clinical and biomedical researchers often ignore an important aspect of evidence discovery from their funded or unfunded projects. Since the attempt is to illustrate some sets of relationships from the data set, researchers often do not exercise substantial amount of time in assessing the reliability and validity of the data to be utilized in the analysis. However, the expected inference or the conclusion to be drawn is based on the analysis of the un-assessed data. Reality in statistical modeling of biomedical and clinical research data remains the focus of scientific evidence discovery, and this book. This text is written to highlight the importance of appropriate design prior to analysis by placing emphasis on subject selection and probability sample and the randomization process when applicable prior to the selection of the analytic tool. In addition, this book stresses the importance of biologic and clinical significance in the interpretation of study findings. The basis for statistical inference, implying the quantification of random error is random sample, which had been perpetually addressed in this book. When studies are conducted without a random sample, except when disease registries/databases or consecutive subjects are utilized, as often encountered in clinical and biomedical research, it is meaningless to report the findings with p value.

This book provides practical knowledge to clinicians and biomedical researchers using biological and biochemical specimen/samples in order to understand health and disease processes at cellular, clinical, and population levels. Concepts and techniques provided will help researchers design and conduct studies, then translate data from bench to clinics in attempt to improve the health of patients and populations. This book presents the extreme complexity of epidemiologic research in a concise manner that will address the issue of confounders, thus allowing for more valid inferences and yielding results that are more reliable and accurate.

This applied clinical medicine and public health text introduces the fundamental concepts in epidemiological investigation and demonstrates how to integrate emerging research on epigenomics into practice. Epidemiology has a vital strategic role in facilitating and leading evidence discovery in all aspects of human health, with the intent of improving patient and public health through disease control and health promotion practices. It emphasizes what we now know about the transformation the human body and the ecosystem undergo as a result of social structure, environment, daily challenges and mutation. The first part of this text explores the origin of epidemiology, its relationship with medicine and public health, and its role in assessing disease distribution as occurrence or frequency, risk factors, treatment and management. The main direction of this text is to explore the assessment of how gene and environment interactions, termed epigenomic modulations, aberrantly predispose to morbidity, prognosis, survival and mortality at the individual as well as the specific population level. This text presents a novel approach based mainly on epigenomic modulations in the application of epidemiologic investigation in disease incidence, morbidity and mortality at a specific population level for graduate education in public health and clinical sciences as well as medical education.

This is the first comprehensive text to provide not only a detailed explanation of how the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) virus is spread within human populations, but also an epidemiological analysis and interpretation of viral pandemics to enable better measures for prevention and control. Providing an introduction to the physiology of both the human immune system and the SARS-CoV2 virus, specifically the virus’s replicative potential and our own vulnerability, the book offers an in-depth understanding of how the pandemic evolved. It also highlights the aberrant epigenomic mechanistic process in pathogenic microbe’s replication and survival, implying gene and environment interaction that affected different populations. Citing a range of environmental conditions, from structural and systemic racism to malnutrition and low-socioeconomic status, the book examines how these factors exacerbated existing health disparities, resulting in a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality on certain social groups. Also providing invaluable guidance on how future iterations of this pandemic may be better prevented and controlled, this will be a defining book for students, researchers and professionals within Public Health and Clinical Medicine to better understand the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) virus, and how to protect the most vulnerable social groups.

A Concise Guide to Observational Studies in Healthcare provides busy healthcare professionals with an easy-to-read introduction and overview to conducting, analysing and assessing observational studies. It is a suitable introduction for anyone without prior knowledge of study design, analysis or conduct as the important concepts are presented throughout the text. It provides an overview to the features of design, analyses and conduct of observational studies, without using mathematical formulae, or complex statistics or terminology and is a useful guide for researchers conducting their own studies, those who participate in studies co-ordinated by others, or who read or review a published report of an observational study. Examples are based on clinical features of people, biomarkers, lifestyle habits and environmental exposures, and evaluating quality of care.

This new fifth edition of Information Resources in Toxicology offers a consolidated entry portal for the study, research, and practice of toxicology. Both volumes represents a unique, wide-ranging, curated, international, annotated bibliography, and directory of major resources in toxicology and allied fields such as environmental and occupational health, chemical safety, and risk assessment. The editors and authors are among the leaders of the profession sharing their cumulative wisdom in toxicology's subdisciplines. This edition keeps pace with the digital world in directing and linking readers to relevant websites and other online tools.Due to the increasing size of the hardcopy publication, the current edition has been divided into two volumes to make it easier to handle and consult. Volume 1: Background, Resources, and Tools, arranged in 5 parts, begins with chapters on the science of toxicology, its history, and informatics framework in Part 1. Part 2 continues with chapters organized by more specific subject such as cancer, clinical toxicology, genetic toxicology, etc. The categorization of chapters by resource format, for example, journals and newsletters, technical reports, organizations constitutes Part 3. Part 4 further considers toxicology's presence via the Internet, databases, and software tools. Among the miscellaneous topics in the concluding Part 5 are laws and regulations, professional education, grants and funding, and patents. Volume 2: The Global Arena offers contributed chapters focusing on the toxicology contributions of over 40 countries, followed by a glossary of toxicological terms and an appendix of popular quotations related to the field.The book, offered in both print and electronic formats, is carefully structured, indexed, and cross-referenced to enable users to easily find answers to their questions or serendipitously locate useful knowledge they were not originally aware they needed. Among the many timely topics receiving increased emphasis are disaster preparedness, nanotechnology, -omics, risk assessment, societal implications such as ethics and the precautionary principle, climate change, and children's environmental health. - Introductory chapters provide a backdrop to the science of toxicology, its history, the origin and status of toxicoinformatics, and starting points for identifying resources - Offers an extensive array of chapters organized by subject, each highlighting resources such as journals, databases,organizations, and review articles - Includes chapters with an emphasis on format such as government reports, general interest publications, blogs, and audiovisuals - Explores recent internet trends, web-based databases, and software tools in a section on the online environment - Concludes with a miscellany of special topics such as laws and regulations, chemical hazard communication resources, careers and professional education, K-12 resources, funding, poison control centers, and patents - Paired with Volume Two, which focuses on global resources, this set offers the most comprehensive compendium of print, digital, and organizational resources in the toxicological sciences with over 120 chapters contributions by experts and leaders in the field

The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics presents the essential information about statistical tests, concepts, and analytical methods in language that is accessible to practitioners and students of the vast community using statistics in medicine, engineering, physical science, life science, social science, and business/economics. The reference is alphabetically arranged to provide quick access to the fundamental tools of statistical methodology and biographies of famous statisticians. The more than 500 entries include definitions, history, mathematical details, limitations, examples, references, and further readings. All entries include cross-references as well as the key citations. The back matter includes a timeline of statistical inventions. This reference will be an enduring resource for locating convenient overviews about this essential field of study.

Harvard Medical School, Boston. Textbook for medical and public health students.

This textbook presents epidemiology in a practical manner, contextualized with discussions of theory and ethics, so that students and professionals from all academic backgrounds may develop a deep appreciation for how to conduct and interpret epidemiological research. Readers will develop skills to: -Search for and appraise literature critically, -Develop important research questions, -Design and implement studies to address those questions, -Perform and interpret fundamental statistical estimations and tests, -Consider the ethical implications of all stages of research, -Report findings in publications, and -Advocate for change in the public health setting. Epidemiology is and will remain a discipline in motion, and this textbook aims at reflecting this dynamism and keeping pace with its momentum. This textbook is not only a classroom tool with high utility but also an essential reference and guide for those engaging in research involving human subjects.