The book introduces Legislative Conflict Theory. The theory suggests that conflict in legislatures is two-dimensional and that a moderate level of conflict will be most productive. The two types of conflict are policy differences and relational conflict. Using the US Congress as a testing ground, and novel indicators of both forms of conflict and legislative productivity, the book tests the theory various ways. The testing arrives at the conclusion that specific Congresses and historical eras, easily identified as more productive, experienced a median level of two-dimensional conflict. There are implications for effective legislative process in all political settings including democratically elected legislatures and ‘rubber stamp’ legislatures in authoritarian environments. In the end, the research makes the case for recruiting the right type of people to serve. However, the most effective legislators will be context dependent. In low conflict scenarios, rabble-rousers become the most effective legislators. When two-dimensional conflict is too high, the need is for disciplined-mannerly legislators committed to compromise.

When it’s exam time you need the right information in the right format to study efficiently and effectively. Emanuel® CrunchTime is the perfect tool for exam studying. With flowcharts and capsule summaries of major points of law and critical issues, as well as exam tips for identifying common traps and pitfalls, sample exam and essay questions with model answers – you will be prepared for your next big test. Here's why you will need Emanuel® CrunchTime to help you ace your exams: Perfect for the visual learner: The flow charts walk you through a series of yes/no questions that can be used to analyze any question on the exam. Featured capsule summaries help you quickly review key concepts not just before the exam, but throughout the semester Exams Tips recap the most commonly tested issues and fact patterns.

History of Peace demonstrates from 4500 years of history, and case studies of more than 100 treaties resolving armed conflicts, that even when peace seems impossible, peace may still be possible. Even when the going seems hopeless, and the night is dark, hope is not yet lost. History shows that again and again, peace can break out from the darkest of nights. From ancient Mesopotamia to modern-day peace processes, this groundbreaking book explores humanity's enduring quest for peace. "History of Peace" offers profound insights into how mediators - from world leaders to grassroots peacemakers - have helped resolve armed conflicts, save lives, rebuild communities, and foster economic growth through the power of dialogue and negotiation, over the thousands of years from the beginnings of recorded time. Read about: · The Treaty of Mesilim (c. 2550 BCE) – Mesilim, king of the Sumerian city-state of Kish, mediated a land and water boundary dispute between the nearby south Babylonian cities of Lagash and Umma · The Treaty of Kadesh (1259 BCE) between Egypt and the Hittites, negotiated by intermediaries, established one of the earliest known mutual defense pacts · The Peace of Westphalia (1648), facilitated by papal mediation, revolutionized international relations by introducing the concept of state sovereignty · The Congress of Vienna (1815) reshaped Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, with Talleyrand's skilled mediation creating a balance of power that lasted nearly a century · The Treaty of Versailles (1919) ended World War I but sowed seeds for future conflict, highlighting the importance of inclusive mediation processes · The Camp David Accords (1978) demonstrated the power of personal diplomacy and third-party mediation by the US in resolving seemingly intractable disputes between Egypt and Israel · The Good Friday Agreement (1998) brought an end to decades of conflict in Northern Ireland through innovative power-sharing arrangements, facilitated by multi-party mediation · The Aceh Peace Agreement (2005) in Indonesia, mediated by former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, ended a 30-year conflict and saved countless lives · The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005) in Sudan, mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), ended Africa's longest-running civil war · The Colombian Peace Agreement (2016), facilitated by Norwegian and Cuban mediation, ended over 50 years of conflict between the government and FARC rebels Through vivid storytelling and expert analysis, "History of Peace" brings to life the dramatic moments when bitter enemies found common ground. From Napoleon and Tsar Alexander's fateful meeting on a raft in the Neman River to modern-day peace negotiations, we will trace an arc of human progress in the vital art of conflict resolution. A prime example is the Treaty of Portsmouth of 1905, which ended the Russo-Japanese War. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's mediation between Russia and Japan not only brought an end to a costly conflict but also elevated the United States' role in international diplomacy. As Japanese diplomat Jutarō Komura noted, "President Roosevelt's impartial and energetic efforts have made possible what seemed impossible." This treaty demonstrates how skilled mediation can bridge even the widest divides between adversaries. But this book is more than just a chronicle of famous treaties. It's a deep exploration of how mediation and diplomacy have evolved over millennia to become sophisticated tools for conflict resolution. Readers will learn: · The essential ingredients for successful peace negotiations · How mediators bridge seemingly unbridgeable divides · The role of economic incentives in cementing peace · How to structure agreements for long-term stability · Common pitfalls in peace processes and how to avoid them "History of Peace" also highlights the crucial role played by grassroots peacemakers and civil society in nurturing reconciliation from the ground up. Through inspiring stories of ordinary people working for change, it shows how everyone can contribute to building a more peaceful world. With ongoing conflicts from Ukraine to Yemen threatening global stability, the lessons in this book have never been more relevant. Whether you're a student of history, a policymaker, a mediator, or simply someone who cares about creating a better future, "History of Peace" offers invaluable insights into humanity's noblest endeavor. Key features: · Comprehensive overview of peace treaties and conflict resolution from ancient times to the present · In-depth case studies of pivotal agreements that shaped world history · Analysis of evolving mediation techniques and diplomatic strategies · Exploration of the economic benefits of peace and post-conflict reconstruction · Inspiring stories of grassroots peacebuilders making a difference · Lessons for addressing contemporary conflicts and global challenges This book is priced at an affordable price point to enable widest availability. If this collection of inspiring stories how to make Swords into Plowshares, saves even one life or brings happiness to a single person, it will fill me also with hope and happiness, knowing I've made a difference as the author. David Hoicka

This book is a judicial, military and political history of the period 1941 to 1954. As such, it is also a United States legal history of both World War II and the early Cold War. Civil liberties, mass conscription, expanded military jurisdiction, property rights, labor relations, and war crimes arising from the conflict were all issues to come before the federal judiciary during this period and well beyond since the Supreme Court and the lower courts heard appeals from the government’s wartime decisions well into the 1970s. A detailed study of the judiciary during World War II evidences that while the majority of the justices and judges determined appeals partly on the basis of enabling a large, disciplined, and reliable military to either deter or fight a third world war, there was a recognition of the existence of a tension between civil rights and liberties on the one side and military necessity on the other. While the majority of the judiciary tilted toward national security and deference to the military establishment, the judiciary’s recognition of this tension created a foundation for persons to challenge governmental narrowing of civil and individual rights after 1954. Kastenberg and Merriam present a clearer picture as to why the Court and the lower courts determined the issues before them in terms of external influences from both national and world-wide events. This book is also a study of civil-military relations in wartime so whilst legal scholars will find this study captivating, so will military and political historians, as well as political scientists and national security policy makers.

In this second edition of Exiting the Whirlpool, Pastor explores the continuities and the changes in U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America under Presidents Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton. Whereas many foreign policy volumes neglect the role of Congress, Pastor devotes an entire chapter to explaining how it has shaped policy. Next, he looks at the recurring challenges that have often pulled the United States into the destructive whirlpool?how the United States has tried but often failed to manage succession crises, pre-empt or undermine revolutionaries, promote or manipulate elections, and encourage or neglect the region's economic development. Pastor offers a series of far-reaching policy recommendations for exiting the whirlpool and forging a hemispheric community of democracies within a free trade area. The first edition was widely acclaimed. The second is thoroughly updated, offering analyses and recommendations for addressing the contemporary democratic and security challenges facing the hemisphere.

Following the formation of a regular army in 1784, a popular distruct of military power and the generally unsettled nature of national administration kept the army in a continual state of fluctuation, both in terms of organisation and size. Few officers were making a long-term commitment to military service. But by 1860, a professional army career was becoming a way of life. In that year, 41.5 percent of officers had served 30 years, compared to only 2.6 percent in 1797.

The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873)