Cromwell's Convicts not only describes the Battle of Dunbar but concentrates on the grim fate of the soldiers taken prisoner after the battle. On 3 September 1650 Oliver Cromwell won a decisive victory over the Scottish Covenanters at the Battle of Dunbar – a victory that is often regarded as his finest hour – but the aftermath, the forced march of 5,000 prisoners from the battlefield to Durham, was one of the cruellest episodes in his career. The march took them seven days, without food and with little water, no medical care, the property of a ruthless regime determined to eradicate any possibility of further threat. Those who survived long enough to reach Durham found no refuge, only pestilence and despair. Exhausted, starving and dreadfully weakened, perhaps as many as 1,700 died from typhus and dysentery. Those who survived were condemned to hard labour and enforced exile in conditions of virtual slavery in a harsh new world across the Atlantic. Cromwell's Convicts describes their ordeal in detail and, by using archaeological evidence, brings the story right up to date. John Sadler and Rosie Serdiville describe the battle at Dunbar, but their main focus is on the lethal week-long march of the captives that followed. They make extensive use of archive material, retrace the route taken by the prisoners and describe the recent archaeological excavations in Durham which have identified some of the victims and given us a graphic reminder of their fate.

The Encyclopedia of Theoretical Criminology in zwei Bänden ist zweifelsohne das aktuellste Referenzwerk der theoretischen Kriminologie. Fachlich geprüfte Beiträge internationaler Experten machen den Leser mit wegweisenden Theorien, Konzepten und Schlüsselfiguren vertraut. Das Nachschlagewerk präsentiert klassische und zeitgenössische Themen zu den wichtigen Straftatbeständen, Zusammenhängen, fachspezifische (Soziologie, Biologie und Psychologie) und fachübergreifende Erklärungen zu Kriminalität, Kriminalitätsrate und Fragestellungen aus der Rechtssoziologie.

Our knowledge of crime is based on three types of sources: the criminal justice system, victims, and offenders. For technological and other reasons the criminal justice system produces an increasing stream of information on crime. The rise of the victimization survey has given the victims a much larger role in our study of crime. There is, however, no concomitant development regarding offenders. This is unfortunate because offenders are the experts when it comes to offending.In order to understand criminal behavior, we need their perspective. This is not always a straightforward process, however, and information from offenders is often unreliable. This book is about what we can do to maximise the validity of what offenders tell us about their offending. Renowned experts from various countries present their experiences and insights, with a clear focus on methodological issues of fieldwork among various types of offender populations. Each contribution deals with with a few central issues: How can offenders be motivated to participate in research? How can offenders be motivated to tell the truth on their offending? How can the information that offenders provide be checked and validated? What can we learn from offenders that cannot be accessed from other sources? With the aim of obtaining valid and reliable information, how, where and under which conditions should we observe offenders and talk to them?

This fourth, and fullest, of Abbott's volumes on Oliver Cromwell covers the last three years of his life, from the autumn of 1655 to his death in September 1658. Throughout this time he ruled as Protector, although he apparently came close to taking the crown during the "kingship crisis" of 1657, when parliament, in replacing the Instrument of Government by the more traditional constitution of the Humble Petition, demonstrated that a conservative reaction was emerging in Cromwell's last years. Abroad, England's war with Spain produced Blake's exploits in the Mediterranean and the capture of Dunkirk for the English by the Anglo-French force. At home the problem of giving stability and constitutional respectablility to Puritan rule remained unresolved, but Cromwell's own stature emerges vividly from this record of his writings and speeches. They provide invaluable insights into the personality of one of the most complex and controversial characters in English history.

This edition includes: Introduction to Witchcraft: The Superstitions of Witchcraft by Howard Williams The Devil in Britain and America by John Ashton Witchcraft in Europe: History of Magic and Witchcraft: Magic and Witchcraft Lives of the Necromancers Witch, Warlock, and Magician Practitioners of Magic & Witchcraft and Clairvoyance Mary Schweidler, the Amber Witch Sidonia, the Sorceress La Sorcière: The Witch of the Middle Ages Tales & Legends: Witchcraft & Second Sight in the Highlands & Islands of Scotland Witch Stories Studies: The Witch Mania Witchcraft and Superstitious Record in the South-Western District of Scotland Modern Magic Witchcraft in America: The Wonders of the Invisible World Salem Witchcraft Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather A History of the Salem Village Witchcraft Trials An Account of the Witchcraft Delusion at Salem in 1682 House of John Procter, Witchcraft Martyr, 1692 Studies: The Salem Witchcraft, the Planchette Mystery, and Modern Spiritualism by Samuel Roberts Wells The Witchcraft Delusion in Colonial Connecticut (1647-1697) by John M. Taylor Witchcraft of New England Explained by Modern Spiritualism by Allen Putnam On Witchcraft: Glimpses of the Supernatural – Witchcraft and Necromancy by Frederick George Lee Letters On Demonology And Witchcraft by Sir Walter Scott

Witchcraft in Europe was believed to be a combination of sorcery and heresy. While sorcery attempts to produce negative supernatural effects through formulas and rituals, heresy is the Christian contribution to witchcraft in which an individual makes a pact with the Devil. In addition, heresy denies witches the recognition of important Christian values such as baptism, salvation, Christ and sacraments. In Early Modern European tradition, witches were stereotypically, though not exclusively, women. European pagan belief in witchcraft was associated with the goddess Diana and dismissed as "diabolical fantasies" by medieval Christian authors. Witch-hunts first appeared in large numbers during the 14th and 15th centuries. It was commonly believed that individuals with power and prestige were involved in acts of witchcraft and even cannibalism. Table of Contents: The Superstitions of Witchcraft by Howard Williams The Devil in Britain and America by John Ashton Lives of the Necromancers by William Godwin Witch, Warlock, and Magician by W. H. Davenport Adams The Witch Mania by Charles Mackay Magic and Witchcraft by George Moir Witchcraft & Second Sight in the Highlands & Islands of Scotland by John G. Campbell Witchcraft and Superstitious Record in the South-Western District of Scotland by John Maxwell Wood Practitioners of Magic & Witchcraft and Clairvoyance by Bram Stoker Witch Stories by E. Lynn Linton Mary Schweidler, the Amber Witch by Wilhelm Meinhold Sidonia, the Sorceress by Wilhelm Meinhold Glimpses of the Supernatural – Witchcraft and Necromancy by Frederick George Lee Letters On Demonology And Witchcraft by Sir Walter Scott La Sorcière: The Witch of the Middle Ages by Jules Michelet Modern Magic by M. Schele de Vere