Introduction and research approach -- Findings -- Interpretation, appraisal, and applications -- Conclusions and suggested research -- Appendixes.

The capability of DYNA3D/LS-DYNA for analyzing the performance of segmental facing geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) bridge abutments was critically evaluated. To achieve the purpose of evaluating the analytical tool, it was necessary to compare the analytical results with experimental or field-measured results that involve the critical components of the problem on hand. This means that it is necessary to select closely related case histories of which the measured results are reliable, the placement density and moisture conditions of the fill are well monitored, and the material parameters (stress-strain-strength and volume change behavior of the soil and load-deformation properties of the reinforcement) are well documented. Following an extensive search and careful consideration, five case histories that involved critical components of segmental GRS abutments were selected for the evaluation. The first two experiments involved spread footings on sand. They were included as part of the verification study because it was considered important to examine the adequacy of DYNA3D and the extended two-invariant geologic cap model in terms of their capability to predict failure loads of spread footings on unreinforced and reinforced soils.

The first book to provide a detailed overview of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls deploy horizontal layers of closely spaced tensile inclusion in the fill material to achieve stability of a soil mass. GRS walls are more adaptable to different environmental conditions, more economical, and offer high performance in a wide range of transportation infrastructure applications. This book addresses both GRS and GMSE, with a much stronger emphasis on the former. For completeness, it begins with a review of shear strength of soils and classical earth pressure theories. It then goes on to examine the use of geosynthetics as reinforcement, and followed by the load-deformation behavior of GRS mass as a soil-geosynthetic composite, reinforcing mechanisms of GRS, and GRS walls with different types of facing. Finally, the book finishes by covering design concepts with design examples for different loading and geometric conditions, and the construction of GRS walls, including typical construction procedures and general construction guidelines. The number of GRS walls and abutments built to date is relatively low due to lack of understanding of GRS. While failure rate of GMSE has been estimated to be around 5%, failure of GRS has been found to be practically nil, with studies suggesting many advantages, including a smaller susceptibility to long-term creep and stronger resistance to seismic loads when well-compacted granular fill is employed. Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls will serve as an excellent guide or reference for wall projects such as transportation infrastructure—including roadways, bridges, retaining walls, and earth slopes—that are in dire need of repair and replacement in the U.S. and abroad. Covers both GRS and GMSE (MSE with geosynthetics as reinforcement); with much greater emphasis on GRS walls Showcases reinforcing mechanisms, engineering behavior, and design concepts of GRS and includes many step-by-step design examples Features information on typical construction procedures and general construction guidelines Includes hundreds of line drawings and photos Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) Walls is an important book for practicing geotechnical engineers and structural engineers, as well as for advanced students of civil, structural, and geotechnical engineering.

This report from the second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, documents the development of standardized approaches to designing and constructing complete bridge systems for rapid renewals.

Written by an author with more than 25 years of field and academic experience, Soil Improvement and Ground Modification Methods explains ground improvement technologies for converting marginal soil into soil that will support all types of structures. Soil improvement is the alteration of any property of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Some sort of soil improvement must happen on every construction site. This combined with rapid urbanization and the industrial growth presents a huge dilemma to providing a solid structure at a competitive price. The perfect guide for new or practicing engineers, this reference covers projects involving soil stabilization and soil admixtures, including utilization of industrial waste and by-products, commercially available soil admixtures, conventional soil improvement techniques, and state-of-the-art testing methods. - Conventional soil improvement techniques and state-of-the-art testing methods - Methods for mitigating or removing the risk of liquefaction in the event of major vibrations - Structural elements for stabilization of new or existing construction industrial waste/by-products, commercially available soil - Innovative techniques for drainage, filtration, dewatering, stabilization of waste, and contaminant control and removal

"This manual outlines the state-of-the-art and recommended practice for designing and constructing Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) technology for the application of the Integrated Bridge System (IBS). The procedures presented in this manual are based on 40 years of State and Federal research focused on GRS technology as applied to abutments and walls"--Technical report documentation page.

"This report is the second in a two-part series to provide engineers with the necessary background knowledge of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil (GRS) technology and its fundamental characteristics as an alternative to other construction methods. It supplements the interim implementation manual (FHWA-HRT-11-026), which outlines the design and construction of the GRS Integrated Bridge System (IBS). The research behind the proposed design method is presented along with case histories to show the performance of in-service GRS-IBS and GRS walls"--Technical report documentation page.

Over 140 experts, 14 countries, and 89 chapters are represented in the second edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook. This extensive collection highlights bridge engineering specimens from around the world, contains detailed information on bridge engineering, and thoroughly explains the concepts and practical applications surrounding the subject. Published in five books: Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, Substructure Design, Seismic Design, and Construction and Maintenance, this new edition provides numerous worked-out examples that give readers step-by-step design procedures, includes contributions by leading experts from around the world in their respective areas of bridge engineering, contains 26 completely new chapters, and updates most other chapters. It offers design concepts, specifications, and practice, as well as the various types of bridges. The text includes over 2,500 tables, charts, illustrations, and photos. The book covers new, innovative and traditional methods and practices; explores rehabilitation, retrofit, and maintenance; and examines seismic design and building materials. The second book, Superstructure Design, contains 19 chapters, and covers information on how to design all types of bridges. What’s New in the Second Edition: Includes two new chapters: Extradosed Bridges and Stress Ribbon Pedestrian Bridges Updates the Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges chapter and rewrites it as two chapters: Precast/Pretensioned Concrete Girder Bridges and Cast-In-Place Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges Expands the chapter on Bridge Decks and Approach Slabs and divides it into two chapters: Concrete Decks and Approach Slabs Rewrites seven chapters: Segmental Concrete Bridges, Composite Steel I-Girder Bridges, Composite Steel Box Girder Bridges, Arch Bridges, Cable-Stayed Bridges, Orthotropic Steel Decks, and Railings This text is an ideal reference for practicing bridge engineers and consultants (design, construction, maintenance), and can also be used as a reference for students in bridge engineering courses.

Over 140 experts, 14 countries, and 89 chapters are represented in the second edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook. This extensive collection provides detailed information on bridge engineering, and thoroughly explains the concepts and practical applications surrounding the subject, and also highlights bridges from around the world. This second edition of the bestselling Bridge Engineering Handbook covers virtually all the information an engineer would need to know about any type of bridge-from planning to construction to maintenance. It contains more than 2,500 tables, charts, and illustrations in a practical, ready-to-use format. An abundance of worked-out examples gives readers numerous practical step-by-step design procedures. Special attention is given to rehabilitation, retrofit, and maintenance. Coverage also includes seismic design and building materials. Thoroughly revised and updated, this second edition contains 26 new chapters.