This book focuses on the topic of competency-based scenario design as it relates to Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs). The current book is the ninth in a series of books that examine key topics in ITSs. The chapters in this book specifically relate the work presented to applications for the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) (Sottilare, Brawner, Goldberg, & Holden, 2012; Sottilare, Brawner, Sinatra, & Johnston, 2017). GIFT is an open-source, domain independent, service-oriented, modular architecture for ITSs. GIFT has specifically been designed to allow for reusability of the GIFT architecture, GIFT tools, and instructional content materials. Further, GIFT has been designed with the goals of reducing the amount of time necessary to author ITSs, and reducing the skill level required for the authoring process. GIFT can be used to create ITSs that can be distributed both locally on a computer and virtually in the Cloud. In addition to creating ITSs, GIFT can be used to examine instructional outcomes, and conduct research. The topic of this book, Competency-Based Scenario Design is highly relevant to the development of ITSs. Scenarios are information-rich task/problem contexts that are closely aligned with real-world situations that professionals face in their jobs. The tasks/problems exhibit ecological validity rather than stripped-down abstract simplifications. Developers of ITSs and other adaptive instructional systems need to have principled guidance on how to design these scenarios. An example scenario may be a close match to a particular situation in the past, but not be representative of a large range of situations that professionals experience in their job. An example scenario may be very realistic, but not provide reliable and valid assessments of the learners' performance to guide assessments (summative, formative, or stealth). Research teams that build high quality scenarios need to include expertise in the targeted profession, assessment, learning science, and computer science. The current book brings together experts on ITSs to discuss their work as it applies to Competency-Based Scenario Design. We believe that this book can be used as a resource for those who have an interest in developing Scenarios for ITSs, and who want to learn more about how to do so.

The Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems series has covered many different topics over the past ten years. Those topics have ranged from general components of intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) (Learner Modeling, Instructional Management, Authoring Tools, Domain Modeling) to advanced elements (Assessment Methods, Team Tutoring, Self-Improving Systems, Data Visualization, Competency Based-Scenario Design). Our most recent previous volume included a series of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analyses on all the initial topics as well as overviews of ITSs in general and the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) software (Sottilare et al., 2012; Sottilare et al., 2017; Goldberg & Sinatra, 2023). Each book in the Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems series has been associated with an Expert Workshop on the same topic. These workshops are part of a cooperative agreement (W911NF18-2-0039) between US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Soldier Center and University of Memphis. One of the goals of the expert workshops is to learn more about ITS capabilities that are being developed, and how these approaches, as well as lessons learned, could enhance the GIFT software (GIFT is freely available at https://www.GIFTtutoring.org). Invited experts in industry, academia, and government discuss the expert workshop topic, their applicable work, and suggestions for improving GIFT in what is usually a two day event. Both the University of Memphis and GIFT Teams participate in the workshop, help to guide discussion, and ask questions that will provide insight into current challenges in GIFT. The expert workshop associated with this current book was held virtually in October 2022, and included presentations about both general approaches and specific applications to professional education in ITSs. Additionally, the University of Memphis team that participated in the workshop included Arthur C. Graesser, Xiangen Hu, Vasile Rus, and Jody Cockroft. The US Army DEVCOM Soldier Center team who participated in the workshop included Benjamin Goldberg, Gregory Goodwin, Anne M. Sinatra, Randall Spain, and Lisa N. Townsend. The current volume and the expert workshop that was associated with it, branched out in a new direction and rather than addressing specific components of an ITS or types of features/approaches that could be included in ITSs, it focused on how to apply an ITS for specific types of training. The specific focus was on ITSs for Professional Career Education. This topic area was selected, as in general, ITS research tends to be focused on K-12 or college education, and in many cases on domains such as algebra or physics. However, for the military, and for industry, trainees are adult learners and domains tend to be more active, applied, and experiential. This workshop provided an opportunity for discussion of specific examples of applied training that occurs with ITSs, as well as discussion of general approaches and considerations for applied professional education in ITSs.

This book is a resource for those who are new to intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs), as well as those with a great deal of experience with them. This is the tenth book in our Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems book series. The focus of this book is on Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analyses of varying components of ITSs. Each chapter in the book represents a different topic area, and includes a SWOT analysis that is specific to that topic and how it relates to ITSs. This book can be read in order, or a reader can choose a specific topic area and move directly to that chapter. Each SWOT Analysis describes the current state of the topic area, and how the lessons learned from the analysis could be applied to the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) (Sottilare et al., 2012; Sottilare et al., 2017). GIFT is an ITS architecture that is open-source, modular, and domain independent (Sottilare et al., 2017). Each book in the design recommendations series has addressed a different ITS topic area, and how the work in each chapter can relate to and inform the GIFT architecture. GIFT has continually been in development, with features consistently being added to improve functionality, as well as reduce the skill requirement for authoring content in GIFT. GIFT is freely available in both downloadable and Cloud versions at https://www.GIFTtutoring.org.

Welcome to the Proceedings of the 11th Annual GIFT User Symposium! This year we are celebrating 11 years of GIFT Symposiums and have accepted 15 papers for publication. All of the presentations that occurred at GIFTSym11, and the papers in this volume show the versatility of the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT), and the work that is being done with GIFT. GIFT is an open-source intelligent tutoring system (ITS) architecture that is freely available online at GIFTtutoring.org. There are both Cloud and Downloadable version of GIFT. GIFT has been developed with multiple goals in mind including supporting ITS research, and simplified creation of ITSs and Adaptive Instructional Systems (AISs). Our fantastic team, and our program committee did a great job supporting the development of GIFTSym11, reviewing papers, and assisting with the facilitation of the event this year. We want to recognize them for their efforts: • Benjamin Goldberg • Gregory Goodwin • Michele Myers • Alexandra Lutz • Randall Spain • Lisa N. Townsend We were very pleased to have GIFTSym11 return to being an in-person event this year! Additionally, this was our first year offering a hybrid option for attendees. We are very happy that both modalities were well attended!

This book on data visualization is the eighth in a planned series of books that examine key topics (e.g., learner modeling, instructional strategies, authoring, domain modeling, assessment, team tutoring, self-improving systems, data visualization, and competency based scenario design) in intelligent tutoring system (ITS) design. This book focuses on data visualization and how it is applied in ITSs. The chapters within this book specifically examine topics in relationship to the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT) (Sottilare, Brawner, Goldberg & Holden, 2012; Sottilare, Brawner, Sinatra, & Johnston, 2017). GIFT is an open-source, domain-independent, modular, service-oriented architecture for ITSs. The design of GIFT allows for reusability, reduction in authoring time, and reducing the skill level needed to create an ITS. GIFT provides functionality to create ITSs, distribute ITSs to learners through the Cloud, conduct research to evaluate ITSs, and to examine instructional outcomes. Data visualization is an important topic for ITSs, as there are many different users of the systems (including learners, instructors, researchers, subject matter experts). The data that is collected by the ITS can be organized and displayed in a number of different ways. The current book includes a general discussion of how data visualizations can be applied in ITSs, as well as detailed specific examples of existing implementations, and technical details related to incorporating data visualization in ITSs. We believe this book can be used as a design tool for data visualization interfaces in ITSs.

Welcome to the Proceedings of the 12th Annual GIFT User Symposium! This year we are celebrating 12 years of GIFT Symposiums and have accepted 12 papers for publication. All of the presentations and the papers in this volume show the versatility of the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT), and the work that is being done with GIFT. GIFT is an open-source intelligent tutoring system (ITS) architecture that is freely available online at GIFTtutoring.org. There are both Cloud and Downloadable version of GIFT. GIFT has been developed with multiple goals in mind including supporting ITS research, and simplified creation of ITSs and Adaptive Instructional Systems (AISs). Our fantastic team, and our program committee did a great job supporting the development of GIFTSym12, reviewing papers, and assisting with the facilitation of the event this year. We want to recognize them for their efforts: • Benjamin Goldberg • Gregory Goodwin • Anne Sinatra • Michele Myers • Alexandra Lutz • Randall Spain • Lisa N. Townsend We were very pleased to have GIFTSym11 return to being an in-person event this year! Additionally, this was our first year offering a hybrid option for attendees. We are very happy that both modalities were well attended!

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics are major breakthrough technologies that are transforming the economy and society. The OECD’s Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Skills (AIFS) project is developing a programme to assess the capabilities of AI and robotics, and their impact on education and work.

This volume constitutes poster papers and late breaking results presented during the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, AIED 2023, Tokyo, Japan, July 3–7, 2023. The 65 poster papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 311 submissions. This set of posters was complemented with the other poster contributions submitted for the Poster and Late Breaking results track of the AIED 2023 conference.

This two-volume set LNCS 12792 and 12793 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems, AIS 2021, held as part of the 23rd International Conference, HCI International 2021, which took place in July 2021. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The total of 1276 papers and 241 posters included in the 39 HCII 2021 proceedings volumes was carefully reviewed and selected from 5222 submissions. The papers of AIS 2021, Part II, focus on Learner Modelling and State Assessment in AIS.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems, AIS 2022, held as part of the 23rd International Conference, HCI International 2022, which was held virtually in June/July 2022. The total of 1271 papers and 275 posters included in the HCII 2022 proceedings was carefully reviewed and selected from 5487 submissions. The AIS 2022 proceedings were organized in the following topical sections: Learner Modeling and State Assessment for Adaptive Instructional Decisions; Adaptation Design to Individual Learners and Teams; Design and Development of Adaptive Instructional Systems; Evaluating the Effectiveness of Adaptive Instructional Systems.