With its rich evolutionary record of natural systems and long history of human activity, the Chesapeake Bay provides an excellent example of how a great estuary has responded to the powerful forces of human settlement and environmental change. Discovering the Chesapeake explores all of the long-term changes the Chesapeake has undergone and uncovers the inextricable connections among land, water, and humans in this unusually delicate ecosystem. Edited by a historian, a paleobiologist, and a geologist at the Johns Hopkins University and written for general readers, the book brings together experts in various disciplines to consider the truly complex and interesting environmental history of the Chesapeake and its watershed. Chapters explore a variety of topics, including the natural systems of the watershed and their origins; the effects of human interventions ranging from Indian slash-and-burn practices to changing farming techniques; the introduction of pathogens, both human and botanical; the consequences of the oyster's depletion; the response of bird and animal life to environmental factors introduced by humans; and the influence of the land and water on the people who settled along the Bay. Discovering the Chesapeake, originating in two conferences sponsored by the National Science Foundation, achieves a broad historical and scientific appreciation of the various processes that shaped the Chesapeake region. "Today's Chesapeake Bay is only some ten thousand years old. What a different world it was . . . when the region was the home of the ground sloth, giant beaver, dire wolf, mastodon, and other megafauna. In the next few thousand years, the ice may form again and the Bay will once more be the valley of the Susquehanna, unless, of course, human-induced changes in climate create some other currently unpredictable condition."—from the Introduction

Thirty-five million years ago, a meteorite three miles wide and moving sixty times faster than a bullet slammed into the sea bed near what is now Chesapeake Bay. The impact, more powerful than the combined explosion of every nuclear bomb on Earth, blasted out a crater fifty miles wide and one mile deep. Shock waves radiated through the Earth for thousands of miles, shaking the foundations of the Appalachians, as gigantic waves and winds of white-hot debris transformed the eastern seaboard into a lifeless wasteland. Chesapeake Invader is the story of this cataclysm, told by the man who discovered it happened. Wylie Poag, a senior scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, explains when and why the catastrophe occurred, what destruction it caused, how scientists unearthed evidence of the impact, and how the meteorite's effects are felt even today. Poag begins by reviewing how scientists in the decades after World War II uncovered a series of seemingly inexplicable geological features along the Virginia coast. As he worked to interpret one of these puzzling findings in the 1980s in his own field of paleontology, Poag began to suspect that the underlying explanation was the impact of a giant meteorite. He guides us along the path that he and dozens of colleagues subsequently followed as--in true scientific tradition--they combined seemingly outrageous hypotheses, painstaking research, and equal parts good and bad luck as they worked toward the discovery of what turned out to be the largest impact crater in the U.S. We join Poag in the lab, on deep-sea drilling ships, on the road for clues in Virginia, and in heated debates about his findings. He introduces us in clear, accessible language to the science behind meteorite impacts, to life and death on Earth thirty-five million years ago, and to the ways in which the meteorite shaped the Chesapeake Bay area by, for example, determining the Bay's very location and creating the notoriously briny groundwater underneath Virginia. This is a compelling work of geological detective work and a paean to the joys and satisfactions of a life in science. Originally published in 1999. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The Americas and Oceania: Assessing Sustainability provides extensive coverage of sustainability practices in two regions linked culturally and historically by their relative isolation before the Columbian exchange, by their colonization after it, and by the challenges of pollution, resource overuse, and environmental degradation. Regional experts and international scholars focus on environmental history in areas such as the South Pacific islands, now particularly threatened by rising ocean levels due to climate change, and on countries whose governments and corporations can play a major role in promoting or discouraging sustainable choices: Brazil, an emergent power on the world stage; the United States, the world's third most populous nation; and New Zealand, seemingly on its way to becoming an enviable model of sustainable development.

The historical significance of the Chesapeake Bay region stretches from the United States’ founding through the Civil War to the present day. Home to important research institutions, busy ports, and a growing population, the bay’s past has helped it build a bright future. Readers will follow the growth of Chesapeake Bay, beginning with its earliest settlements such as Jamestown. Sidebars add to the main content’s discussion of significant events, while readers travel through the bay’s past with the help of vivid photographs and historical images. Maps of the region will show readers where history happened and introduce the region’s major rivers, states, and landforms.

The Chesapeake Bay is the nation’s largest estuary. After slow deterioration for several centuries, the Chesapeake Bay Program was launched in 1983 to restore it. After spending more than $24 billion, the results of the restoration program are disappointing. The Bay Program has arrested the decline of the Bay, but it has failed to achieve its restoration goals—something that will become more challenging with climate change. The rate of environmental change today is more rapid than at any time in the history of humanity. The concept of restoration—to return to an earlier time and condition—is an outmoded concept for coastal ecosystems like the Chesapeake Bay that are at the leading edge of change. A better strategy would be to focus on shaping the future Bay. While we cannot create the future Bay, we have many of the tools to shape it, tools that have never been used as a complement to existing efforts. Learn about the past and present of the Bay, how climate change will affect its future, and how we can intervene to shape the future of the Chesapeake.

The many streams and rivers that are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed provide the freshwater that helps make the bay such a unique ecosystem. The brackish waters are home to lots of plants and animals that are a factor in keeping the bay healthy. However, the tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay can also have negative effects on the health of the bay if the water they feed to the bay is polluted. Readers will learn about the interconnectedness of the bay watershed as well as the importance of this estuary’s tributaries. Including a map of the key rivers flowing into the Chesapeake Bay, the main content will engage readers with the conservation conversation surrounding the bay in addition to its geography. Vivid photographs and detailed sidebars will further draw readers into the growing region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay.

Early in US history, the Chesapeake Bay region became home to many people. Its navigable waterways, abundant natural resources, and beautiful scenes drew first Native American tribes, and then settlers by the thousands. Today, it continues to grow! Through historical facts, maps, and detailed sidebars, readers will learn all about the growth of the Chesapeake Bay region. Including demographic and population statistics and a close look at the major industries, the book will immerse readers in the people of this unique estuary. Vivid photographs will introduce the basic geography of the region, while readers take on conservation concepts that come with a growing population.

Chesapeake Bay is bursting with life. Schools of silvery menhaden dart around under the water’s surface. Waterfowl call to each other and dive for delicious seafood snacks. More than 2,000 kinds of plants wave in the ocean breeze or grow in the swamps and shallows nearby. Readers will learn about some of the many plants and animals living in and around Chesapeake Bay, and the habitats they live in. Vivid photographs will invite readers to plunge the bay’s depths for oysters, while sidebars introduce the effects of global climate change and overfishing, and the importance of conservation. A colorful cutaway map of the whole bay ecosystem will help readers consider the links between the plants and animals there as the main content complements the social studies curriculum.