On August 26, 1960, twenty-three-year-old Danish cyclist Knud Jensen, competing in that year's Rome Olympic Games, suddenly fell from his bike and fractured his skull. His death hours later led to rumors that performance-enhancing drugs were in his system. Though certainly not the first instance of doping in the Olympic Games, Jensen's death serves as the starting point for Thomas M. Hunt's thoroughly researched, chronological history of the modern relationship of doping to the Olympics. Utilizing concepts derived from international relations theory, diplomatic history, and administrative law, this work connects the issue to global political relations. During the Cold War, national governments had little reason to support effective anti-doping controls in the Olympics. Both the United States and the Soviet Union conceptualized power in sport as a means of impressing both friends and rivals abroad. The resulting medals race motivated nations on both sides of the Iron Curtain to allow drug regulatory powers to remain with private sport authorities. Given the costs involved in testing and the repercussions of drug scandals, these authorities tried to avoid the issue whenever possible. But toward the end of the Cold War, governments became more involved in the issue of testing. Having historically been a combined scientific, ethical, and political dilemma, obstacles to the elimination of doping in the Olympics are becoming less restrained by political inertia.

This comprehensive text presents a rigorous framework from within which regulators can respond strategically to the claim by the pharmaceutical industry that lower drug prices today lead to a loss for the population’s future health due to less innovation. It starts with a critical review of the empirical evidence of the return to consumers on their ongoing investment into high drug prices in order to increase future innovation. The implicit, critical and unrealistic assumption inherent in these studies is identified, namely that the health budget can be expanded to purchase drugs at higher prices without an opportunity cost, for example, the foregone benefits of alternative investments in health care infrastructure. Price effectiveness analysis (PEA), is introduced. PEA informs the question of how the innovative surplus from the new drug should be allocated between the manufacturer and the consumer so as to optimise society’s welfare. The method allows the decisions by the regulator and the firm to be analysed jointly by specifying the firm’s production and revenue functions in terms of the clinical innovation of a new drug; the incremental effect used in the summary metric of cost effectiveness analysis. An economic value of innovation that takes into account opportunity cost under conditions of economic efficiency in the health system is proposed: the health shadow price. The limitations of the non-strategic methods that currently inform the highly contested new drug subsidy game are presented and the relative strengths of PEA are demonstrated. Health technology assessment quantifies both the clinical innovation of a new drug and its financial impact on the health system. Cost effectiveness analysis tests the relationship between the incremental cost and incremental effect of a new drug for target patients, at a given price. PEA tests the relationship between the price of a new drug and the health of the whole population, now and into the future. It achieves this by taking into account current inefficiency in both resource allocation and the displacement process, and the relationship between price and future innovation.

Manhattan Prep’s LSAT Logic Games guide, fully updated for the digital exam, is an essential tool for the LSAT section that everyone loves to hate. Manhattan Prep’s LSAT guides use officially-released LSAT questions and are written by the company’s instructors, who have all scored a 172 or higher on the official LSAT—we know how to earn a great score and we know how to teach you to do the same. This guide will train you to approach LSAT logic games as a 99th-percentile test-taker does: Recognize every type of game Make valid inferences Diagram quickly and accurately Predict correct answers and spot trap answers Take advantage of the digital format to work quickly and strategically You will have access to many practice problems and extensive solutions: Timed drill sets made up of real LSAT questions to help you absorb and apply what you’ve learned In-depth solutions, including hand-drawn diagrams and step-by-step analysis

The RWJF's biannual update on the latest developments in U.S. health care To Improve Health and Health Care is the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's biannual anthology, focusing on the pressing health and health care issues facing the country. This volume covers some of the most important topics in public health, preventative medicine, and health services. Readers will find an in-depth look into the programs funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, providing policy makers, practitioners, and interested members of the public a valuable perspective to inform strategy for the coming years. As part of the Foundation's efforts to inform the public, this ongoing anthology of the RWJF provides an update on the latest developments and advances taking place in the field of health, bringing readers up to speed on where we are, and where we still need to go. Understand the new developments in reducing childhood obesity Examine innovations in health care delivery Learn how RWJF programs are making a difference to patients and providers Since 1972, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has been the nation's largest philanthropy devoted exclusively to health. To further its mission of improving the health and health care of all Americans, the Foundation strives to foster innovation, develop ideas, disseminate information, and enable committed people to devote their energies to improving the nation's well-being. To Improve Health and Health Care describes the latest outcomes and progress, for a complete overview of the American health care system.