The announcement by China that it will implement a national emissions trading scheme confirms the status of this instrument as the pre-eminent policy choice for mitigating climate change. China will join the dozens of existing and emerging schemes around the world - from the EU to California, South Korea to New Zealand - that use carbon units (otherwise known as emissions permits or carbon credits) to trade in greenhouse gas emissions in a multi-billion dollar global carbon market. However, to date, there has been no consensus about this pre-eminent policy instrument being regulated by international economic law through the World Trade Organization, international investment agreements, and free trade agreements. Munro addresses this issue by evaluating whether carbon units qualify as 'goods', 'services', 'financial services', and 'investments' under international economic law and showing how international economic law applies to emissions trading scheme in diverse and unexpected ways. Further, by engaging in a comparative assessment of schemes around the world, his book illustrates how and why all emissions trading schemes engage in various forms of violations of international economic law which would not, in most instances, be justified by environmental or other exceptions. In doing so, he demonstrates how such schemes can be designed or reformed in ways to ensure their future compliance.

This volume examines the range of Non-Trade Concerns (NTCs) that may conflict with international economic rules and proposes ways to protect them within international law and international economic law. Globalization without local concerns can endanger relevant issues such as good governance, human rights, right to water, right to food, social, economic, cultural and environmental rights, labor rights, access to knowledge, public health, social welfare, consumer interests and animal welfare, climate change, energy, environmental protection and sustainable development, product safety, food safety and security. Focusing on China, the book shows the current trends of Chinese law and policy towards international standards. The authors argue that China can play a leading role in this context: not only has China adopted several reforms and new regulations to address NTCs; but it has started to play a very relevant role in international negotiations on NTCs such as climate change, energy, and culture, among others. While China is still considered a developing country, in particular from the NTCs’ point of view, it promises to be a key actor in international law in general and, more specifically, in international economic law in this respect. This volume assesses, taking into consideration its special context, China’s behavior internally and externally to understand its role and influence in shaping NTCs in the context of international economic law.

This collection explores the theme of fragmentation within international economic law following the global financial crisis.

The announcement by China that it will implement a national emissions trading scheme confirms the status of this instrument as the pre-eminent policy choice for mitigating climate change. China will join the dozens of existing and emerging schemes around the world - from the EU to California, South Korea to New Zealand - that use carbon units (otherwise known as emissions permits or carbon credits) to trade in greenhouse gas emissions in a multi-billion dollar global carbon market. However, to date, there has been no consensus about this pre-eminent policy instrument being regulated by international economic law through the World Trade Organization, international investment agreements, and free trade agreements.

Climate change is the defining challenge of our time. While political leadership and scientific expertise are key, law has a major role to play in fashioning responses. Volume 13 of the EYIEL assesses central aspects of the legal regimes governing "Climate Change and Liability". Covering traditional trade and investment topics as well EU instruments regulating private actors, contributions reflect the diverse links between international economic law and climate change. Through a mix of foundational inquiries and coverage of current issues (such as climate change litigation), the volume offers a rich and nuanced account of international economic law in an era of "Climate Change and Liability".

Science and technology plays an increasingly important role in the continued development of international economic law. This book brings together well-known and rising scholars to explore the status and interaction of science, technology and international economic law. The book reviews the place of science and technology in the development of international economic law with a view to ensure a balance between the promotion of trade and investment liberalisation and decision-making based on a sound scientific process without hampering technological development. The book features chapters from a range of experts – including Lukasz Gruszczynski, Jürgen Kurtz, Andrew Mitchell and Peter K. Yu – who examine a wide range of issues such as investment law, international trade law, and international intellectual property. By bringing together these issues, the book asks how international trade and investment regimes utilise science and technology, and whether they do so fairly and in the interest of broader public policies. This book will be of great interest to researchers of international economic law, health law, technology law and international intellectual property law.

"In the run-up to the United Nations' 15th Conference on Climate Change, COP15, in Copenhagen, the University of Copenhagen has hosted an international negotiation competition for law students - The Copenhagen Competition." "The competition is a chance for law students from various places of the world to present their innovative ideas. By the end of 2008, 14 teams of students and a coach from 14 different law faculties from selected universities all over the world, representing five continents, submitted their written proposals for the Written Round of the competition." "This book presents the 14 papers which are all of a very high quality. They all demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the legal problems related to the emissions trading system and the international framework as such. Moreover, the creativity in argumentation and the innovative solutions developed by the teams have gone beyond all expectations. Further, the practicalities of the proposals seem to a wide extent operational. We are therefore convinced that this publication may serve as inspiration and support for politicians, advisors and researchers in the further work towards COP15. This is indeed the purpose of this book." --Book Jacket.

In the context of the emerging measures to combat climate change, this study examines the competitiveness of energy-intensive industries in OECD countries, and barriers to clean-energy technology diffusion in developing countries. Building on this analysis, it proposes multilateral actions under the WTO that will be beneficial from both a trade and a climate change perspective.

Research Paper (undergraduate) from the year 2012 in the subject Economy - Environment economics, grade: 1,7, University of Applied Sciences Deggendorf, language: English, abstract: "China will not cooperate with the European Union on the ETS, so Chinese airlines will not impose surcharges on customers relating to the emissions tax," Cai Haibo, deputy secretary-general of the China Air Transport Association (CATA), told Reuters news agency (Suharto & Alison, 2012). Europe's cap-and-trade plan, the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS), was launched in 2005 as one of the main pillars of the EU's efforts to battle climate change. It was expanded on January 1, 2012, and includes all airlines using EU airports; one month after the EU's main court rejected a legal challenge brought by US- American carriers (Suharto & Alison, 2012). Being the world’s first international scheme for the trading of greenhouse gas emission allowances, the EU ETS covers some 11,000 power stations and industrial plants. It includes CO2 emissions from installations and factories in 30 countries, and is therefore the world’s biggest trading scheme in this field. The installations currently account for almost half of the EU's CO2 emissions and 40% of its total greenhouse gas emissions, as Nitrous oxides are also covered by the ETS (The European Commission, 2010). Now, the topic of greenhouse gas emission allowances is more up-to-date than ever, as also non-European firms are held liable by the ETS. Global airlines and air transport organizations criticize the approach of the EU, as they still suffer from the global economic downturn and increasing oil prices (Milmo, 2011); European leaders in contrary see this action as one possibility to tackle the aviation industry’s contribution to climate change in absence of a global agreement (Illmer, 2012).