The Encyclopedia includes 125 entries, beginning with the origins of genetics including historical background on the work of Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin, and progressing to the structure of DNA and modern theories such as selfish genes. All branches of genetics are covered, including the genetics of bacteria, viruses, insects, animals and plants, as well as humans. Important topical issues such as the human genome project, bioethics, the law and genetics, genetic disorders, GM crops, and the use of transgenic animals for food and pharmaceutical products are fully surveyed. A section on techniques and biotechnology includes modern methods of analysis, from DNA fingerprinting to the new science of bioinformatics. The articles, all written by specialists, are largely non-mathematical and progress from general concepts to deeper understanding. Each essay is fully referenced, with suggestions for further reading. The text is supplemented by extensive illustrations, tables and a color plate section. The Encyclopedia of Genetics will be a valuable companion for all those working or studying in the various fields of genetical research, and a fascinating reference for all readers with a basic background in biology. Also includes color inserts.

The explosion of the field of genetics over the last decade, with the new technologies that have stimulated research, suggests that a new sort of reference work is needed to keep pace with such a fast-moving and interdisciplinary field. Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set, builds on the foundation of the first edition by addressing many of the key subfields of genetics that were just in their infancy when the first edition was published. The currency and accessibility of this foundational content will be unrivalled, making this work useful for scientists and non-scientists alike. Featuring relatively short entries on genetics topics written by experts in that topic, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides an effective way to quickly learn about any aspect of genetics, from Abortive Transduction to Zygotes. Adding to its utility, the work provides short entries that briefly define key terms, and a guide to additional reading and relevant websites for further study. Many of the entries include figures to explain difficult concepts. Key terms in related areas such as biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology are also included, and there are entries that describe historical figures in genetics, providing insights into their careers and discoveries. This 7-volume set represents a 25% expansion from the first edition, with over 1600 articles encompassing this burgeoning field Thoroughly up-to-date, with many new topics and subfields covered that were in their infancy or not inexistence at the time of the first edition. Timely coverage of emergent areas such as epigenetics, personalized genomic medicine, pharmacogenetics, and genetic enhancement technologies Interdisciplinary and global in its outlook, as befits the field of genetics Brief articles, written by experts in the field, which not only discuss, define, and explain key elements of the field, but also provide definition of key terms, suggestions for further reading, and biographical sketches of the key people in the history of genetics

…Could one know the totality ancestors of our Species Sapiens, as accumulated experiences through Sapiens itself, coming from Genus Homo, Hominid Family, Order Primate, Class Mammals, Phylum Vertebrata, Kingdom Animals?.. …More than sure, the answer is not, just by taking into account that this chain of evolution has an average age of ca. about 500 millions years of different eras and periods, and the un-numerable ascendant species or genus or families, had been already in extinct phase of paleontology of the earth… …But through a theoretical process of the psychoanalytic introversion into upright posture of the Hominid Family, Genus Homo and Species Sapiens, it is tried a confrontation not only with the supposed subconscious of this triad bipedic ancestor of present human, but a re-sensing of myth-o-poiesis enchained into the three interrelated evolutionary groups, perhaps, the main responsible for our qualities, for our fragilities, for our vulnerabilities and for our creativities… …This metaphor for a Species individuation, with a huge emptiness around us, united in contraries, transcending ourselves towards unknown, resembles a creative pathology in-written into human, who is the carrier of duality consciousness – sub-consciousness, which is the mirror into which the cosmos and the nature are seen reflected… Anthropo - Sapientosophist

…A hard dialectical conversation between a Clinician in Practical Oncology and a Theoretician of the Philosophical Onccologicum… …It is Pragmatism versus Idealism, or the battlefield between the Physician of the Hippocratic Oath and the Metaphysician of the Platonic Eidos... Why this title or belittled through the apparently same term in Oncology, but written into a dissimilarity form, Onccology-Onkkologie? Is it a confrontation between English terminology and the German one? Or a synthesis between the two like in Denglish? Could be this terrible human tumor defeated through a counter tumor? Tumor cell to be annihilated through an Anti-tumor Cell? A cancer cell defeated through an anti-tumor Cell? Could the classical concept to give birth to the anti-concept? Alternatively, classical terminology to give birth to anti-terminology? …to such questions, our endeavor book is trying to give an answer, at least in a theoretical form and expression… Onccologist & Onkkologist

AI MOTTO Why are not enough the first three AERA of our previous AERAS, namely: AERA OF PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS (AERA - 1) AERA OF SAPIENTOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (AERA - 2) AERA OF VIDEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (AERA - 3) Being thus necessary a fourth thinkable and re-thinkable Creative System, the one of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM (AI), which in German Language is entitled as KÜNSTLISCHE INTELLIGENZ (KI), and both AI and KI are under the HYBRID INTELLIGENCE (of Human and Artificial alike) encoded as HI! Therefore, all three signification, AI-KI-HI, are provable into the sameness extra enlargement of the Classic Human Brain (CHB)! This impetus in development of technological systems more and more intelligent, more and more comprehensive, more and more diversified, more and more amplified, comprising here, at least for the time being, information, inspiration, intuition and initiation, widespread in areas of technology, of industry, of art, of anthropology, of sapientology, of cosmology, of astronomy, of geology and biology, into which all of them means ultimately, another big step up in development of duality Human-Machine, or a duality of Human-Technology, including the branches of Human-Over-Human-Robotics, or Humanoid-Robotics! The man itself, the human itself, the Sapient-o-Human development, its experiences, its visions, its outcomes, can make symbiosis with oneself, a crossing with its nature of creativity, within the nature-physis of endless philosophy, with tools out of stone, with tools out of bones, out of hood, or of synthetic feature, underlining once again the TOOL - MAKER - MAN, as Homo Faber! But now, within the present data, out of its own virtual reality and creativity, all being improved by the man itself and the machine itself, which machine might in turn overcome the man, by confronting the man itself, by changing and challenging even the human itself, even the Human Sapient oneself in its own destiny and purposes… Could be or could become the Artificial Intelligence (AI / KI / HI) the source and resource, the roots of final ending of the Sapient on the Earth? By taking into account all probabilities and possibilities of the present daily evolution and revolution of the hyper-complexity of Artificial Intelligence (AI / KI / HI), a recombination of the man itself with a machine created by the man itself, could develop a symbiosis of human-machine, which overcomes the Classic Species Sapiens (CSS), who dominated the life on Earth in the last of ca. 50.000 years, by entering within the Species Sapiens Techne (SST), into which the Sapiens still dominate the Universe of Technology, by reaching out in some area even the domination of Technology over Sapiens as TSS! In this way, within Artificial Intelligence (seen and analyzed Three Times Intelligence, i.e., AI-KI-HI), the letters themselves, the numbers themselves and the signs themselves, are becoming the WORD itself, the WORD itself is improved to the level of CONCEPT itself, and the WORD-CONCEPT DUALITY in their speeding up developing, in their accelerated and amplifying structures, is giving the outcome of the BOOK itself, in its CLASSICAL BOOK (CB), in its digital book as E-BOOK, or in its VIRTUAL BOOK as V-BOOK! Only this multitude of the same BOOK in development, of the same BOOK in diversity, is showing the evolution and the revolution of the ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (in its three times of AI - KI - HI), with its versions in German Language as KÜNSTLICHE INTELLIGENZ (KI) and HYBRID INTELLIGENCE (HI), which will be used and reused interchangeably at any reference, or inter-reference or cross-reference in our ENS IN DIALECTICAL CHAT-1! What really means ENS in our Book of Dialectical CHAT? ENS is a shortages from the Species Sapiens, being thought and rethought as ENS, i.e., as BEING of the Species Sapiens! Within ENS will be comprise the whole of German Idealist connotation of Being as: A - SEIN = BEING in its maximal generality! B - DASEIN = BEING HERE, on this planetary system! C - MITDASEIN = COBEING HERE, together with all past geological and biological times, influencing and restructuring all basic features of the Planetary Life System! It is possible to rethink the ENS INTO ONESELF RECHATING? Would be ENS a synthesis out of Sapiens! Is ENS a Being (SEIN) out of Sapiens! Is ENS a Being – here (DASEIN) out of Sapiens! Is ENS is a CO – BEING – here (MITDASEIN) out of Sapiens! Is ENS a triad of Being empowering the Sapiens oneself! Is ENS a living self-consciousness of the whole of Sapiens! Is ENS a symbiosis between Sapiens and Artificial Intelligence (AI / KI / HI) Is ENS the dialectic vector of history of the whole Sapiens, in overcoming oneself towards a better Sapient-o-Technology, towards a Sapient-o-post-human-industry in Art, in Philosophy, in Psychology, in Theology? The writer is now the reader, the explorer is now the surveyor, the survival is now the fighter, by assuming a strong competition beyond of its own Species, finally, a semi-human-made-device, an Hybrid Intelligence (HI) between biology and technology, both inspired by Bionics resounding in biology and technology alike! To these multitude of answers, we try to cope with in our On Line Book, ENS IN DIALECTICAL CHAT - 1! AI Sapientologist

…We are under pressure in rethinking and unthinking of the whole of the European Union history, after big waves of union’s earthquakes, by mentioning here the big financial crisis between 2008-2010, or Brexit of Great Britain, an embittered fought inside of the European Union between the years 2016 and the present 2020… …It is not mentioned here the waves of migrants in the last ten years towards European Union, through which a world of social pathology is accompanied and enhanced by a dramatic pandemic’s world of biologic pathology, this worst issues of viral disease, out-breaking in the year 2020… …We will remake another configuration of the initial CONSTITUTION OF EUROPE, written and published with about 15 years ago, resembling a parallel dialectical becoming between a finisher and a re-finisher in constitution or between an influencer and re-influencer in social sciences… Terminology of different constitutions will be different in their substance and their semantics, reflecting the difference in temporality and creativity of the author, but the basic principles of ethics and morality are into the both constitutions, the sameness … If European Union needs a constitution, then, European Union must know the history of Europe, must know the inhabitants, the native, the people and citizens of Europe, the science and technology of Europe, the art and religions of Europe, the geography and demography of Europe, since the oldest times of Upper Paleolithic, of Neolithic, of Antiquity, of Middle Age, of Renaissance, of Enlightenment, of Modern Times and of present Third Millennium, all in detail, in reality, in morality and rationality… More than that, our Constitution of European Union is desired to be and to become, a pilot project in searching and researching in anthropo-sapientology, a vector of axiological and epistemological substance in knowledge and discoveries… …It is the first time in Human Known History and Historiology, when, a Constitution is becoming also a vector of knowledge, sensing and resensing a searching and researching project in Antropos-Sapientology, finally, a form of concrete epistemology, a substantial gnoseology, having an explicit and implicit proper function of axiology in oneself, for oneself and through oneself… Constitutionalist of European Union

…We are under pressure in rethinking and um - thinking of the whole of the European Union history and historiology,, after big waves of union’s earthquakes, by mentioning here the big financial crisis between 2008-2010, or Brexit of Great Britain, an embittered fought inside of the European Union between the years 2016 and the present 2020… …It is not mentioned here the waves of migrants in the last twenty years towards European Union, through which a world of social pathology is accompanied and enhanced by a dramatic pandemic’s world of biologic pathology, this worst issues of viral disease, out-breaking in the year 2020, having catastrophic consequences over European Union… …We will remake another configuration of the initial CONSTITUTION OF EUROPE, written and rewritten published and republished with about 15 years ago, resembling a parallel dialectical becoming between a finisher and a re-finisher in constitution or between an influencer and re-influencer in social sciences… Terminology of different constitutions will be different in their substance and their semantics and meaning, reflecting the difference in temporality and creativity of the author, but the basic principles of ethics and morality are into the both constitutions, the sameness … If European Union needs a constitution, then, European Union must know very well the history of Europe itself, must know the inhabitants, the native, the people and the citizens of Europe, the science and technology of Europe, the art and religions of Europe, the geography and demography of Europe, since the oldest times of Upper Paleolithic, of Neolithic, of Antiquity, of Middle Age, of Renaissance, of Enlightenment, of Modern Times and of present Third Millennium Times, all in detail, all in reality, all in morality and rationality, including here the ideologies, the irrationality and tragedies of Europe, culminating in 20th century, with two world wars… More than that, our Constitution of European Union is desired to be and to become, a pilot project in searching and researching in anthropo-sapientology, a vector of axiological and epistemological substance in knowledge and discoveries… …It is the first time in Human Known History and Historiology (logos of history, reasoning of history, wisdom of history), when, a Constitution is becoming also a vector of knowledge, sensing and re-sensing a searching and researching project in Antropos-Sapientology, finally, a form of concrete epistemology, a substantial gnoseology, having an explicit and implicit proper function of axiology in oneself, for oneself and through oneself… Constitutionalist of European Union

…The history of the world is accelerating and amplifying its own paces and progresses, by following the huge technological advances in the first three decades of the Third Millennium (MMXXII), by out-sharping its ideological and theological dissimilarities! …Everything in Human, in TechnoHuman, in BritishHuman, all being comprised into SapientoHuman, seem to be and to become in changing and challenging, in amplification and acceleration of similarities and dissimilarities, of homogeneity and differentiation, in creativity and regretfully in destructivity… …Assuming in all a such fragmented evolution of human societies, particularly in the last thirty years of our world, implies volens nolens, a fragmented and broke down spirit of history, into which any predictions is more than hazardous… …Therefore, in this set of books, Britishologicum / One, Britishologicum / Two and Britishologicum / Three, all belonging to the AERA OF PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEMS (AERA-1), II. Philosophy of History will be done a combination and a recombination of Past Times – Present Times – Future (Envisions) Times, by thinking and rethinking all basic kinds of human activities, in Science, in History, in Technology, in Sociology, in Art, in Sport and Politics, by sensing and resensing the encyclopaedism, the interdisciplinarism, trans-disciplinarism and videologism of all enterprises… …Finally, this kind of endeavours in Historiology of British, (the human “logos” in becoming and fulfilment of history as Britishology), will resurface another light and understanding of the whole world, remaking another path from Big Geographic Discovery of past centuries, towards Big Ontologic Discoveries of the present times of the Third Millennium!... …Big Ontologic Discoveries means finally a deep exploration endeavour of Human into SapientoHuman, by surveying and rediscovering the man alone inside of his own Species, as Species Sapiens, inside of his own Genus as Homo Anthropos, by rethinking a man, a human of AnthropoSapientic structure through his / her duality of biology (Anatomy), intertwined by its own ontology (Anatomology)!... The Britishologist