In 1925, Pius XI staged the Vatican Missionary Exposition in Rome’s Vatican City. Offering a narrative of the Catholic Church’s beneficence to a global congregation, the exposition displayed thousands of cultural belongings stolen from Indigenous communities across Turtle Island, which were seen by one million pilgrims. Gloria Bell’s Eternal Sovereigns offers critical revision to that story. Bell reveals the tenacity, mobility, and reception of Indigenous artists, travelers, and activists in 1920s Rome. Animating these conjunctures, the book foregrounds competing claims to sovereignty from Indigenous and papal perspectives. Bell deftly juxtaposes the “Indian Museum” of nineteenth-century sculptor Ferdinand Pettrich with the oeuvre of Indigenous artist Edmonia Lewis. Bell analyzes Indigenous cultural belongings made by artists from diverse nations including Cree, Lakota, Anishinaabe, Nipissing, Kanien’kehá:ka, Wolastoqiyik, and Kwakwaka’wakw. Drawing on years of archival research and field interviews, Bell provides insight into the Catholic Church’s colonial collecting and its ongoing ethnological display practices. Written in a voice that questions the academy’s staid conventions, the book reclaims Indigenous belongings and other stolen treasures that remain imprisoned in the stronghold of the Vatican Museums.

The Six Realms. Three Thousand Worlds. The gates of hell were opened, and the Underworld suffered an endless calamity. The eighteen levels of hell were all destroyed, and countless ghosts and deities perished. In the Underworld, a mysterious red light and an ordinary person without a trace clashed. During this life-and-death calamity, they were accidentally drawn into the Pool of Samsara. As soon as he woke up, Wu Hen reincarnated into the Martial Spirit World of the Divine Continent. From then on, the trash martial spirit came to attack, working with the Eternal Demon Sovereign! In the Six Realms' Reincarnation and the Three Thousand Worlds, there was a scene that could make one cry — the legend of the Demon Sovereign ... Close]

In 1918, the Soviet revolutionary government repudiated the Tsarist regime's sovereign debt, triggering one of the biggest sovereign defaults ever. Yet the price of Russian bonds remained high for years. Combing French archival records, Kim Oosterlinck shows that, far from irrational, investors had legitimate reasons to hope for repayment. Soviet debt recognition, a change in government, a bailout by the French government, or French banks, or a seceding country would have guaranteed at least a partial reimbursement. As Greece and other European countries raise the possibility of sovereign default, Oosterlinck's superbly researched study is more urgent than ever.