This Open Access volume provides in-depth analysis of the wide range of ethical issues associated with drug-resistant infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely recognized to be one of the greatest threats to global public health in coming decades; and it has thus become a major topic of discussion among leading bioethicists and scholars from related disciplines including economics, epidemiology, law, and political theory. Topics covered in this volume include responsible use of antimicrobials; control of multi-resistant hospital-acquired infections; privacy and data collection; antibiotic use in childhood and at the end of life; agricultural and veterinary sources of resistance; resistant HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria; mandatory treatment; and trade-offs between current and future generations. As the first book focused on ethical issues associated with drug resistance, it makes a timely contribution to debates regarding practice and policy that are of crucial importance to global public health in the 21st century.

With the expansion of the breeding production scale and the development of the food industry, the prevalence of foodborne pathogens and subsequent problems including food poisoning and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), contribute much to the global disease burden, leading to the serious health hazard and major economic losses around the world, and foodborne disease has become one of the most challenging issues to public health. The most common pathogens spreading foodborne diseases in humans include but are not limited to Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Cronobacter, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Yersinia enterocolitica, etc. These pathogens contaminate various types of foods throughout the food chain including cereal, vegetable, fruit, meat, dairy, and aquatic products in entire proceedings from farmland to fork and disseminate AMR and virulence. In this process, some clinically important antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, such as carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), colistin-resistant or tigecycline-resistant bacteria have spread so quickly that they could be found emerging in clinical hospitals, agricultural farmlands, foods, food animals, environments and also humans/animals guts, in the meantime, super-bug foodborne pathogens with high-level AMR or hypervirulence has been disclosed emerging or re-emerging in more and more publications. Omics techniques including genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabonomics have greatly improved our understanding of the mechanisms of foodborne pathogens in terms of their AMR and pathogenesis. Simultaneously, an integrated multi-disciplinary “One Health” approach has been used for widespread and sustained surveillance of foodborne pathogens, based on a multi-sectoral collaboration framework, to mitigate and prevent the threats of pathogens of animal-, human-, environment- and food- origins. Though a large number of foodborne pathogen isolates were collected with unfolded phenotypic characteristics as the phase goals for surveillance work, it is still far from clearly exploring how many super-bugs there were, why they were so resistant or hypervirulent, where they came from, how they disseminated, how the mechanisms transmitted and evolved, and what the potential hazards were, etc. We need more intensive and compelling evidence, explanation, and interpretation. This Research Topic aims to provide a platform for recent discoveries and the latest progress in detection, mechanism, and dissemination from Omics insights with regards to the emerging or re-emerging foodborne pathogens with high-level AMR (Multi-drug resistant/Extensively-drug resistant/Pan-drug resistant, MDR/XDR/PDR) or hypervirulence, to increase the understanding of these superbugs, to track their sources, to discover the mechanisms that make them super, and to uncover the dissemination along the animal-food-human chain based on big data, and to assess the human health risks by uptaking them. Emergence, mechanism, and dissemination of them via the food chain by using the application of Omics-based technologies would be of particular interest for this topic. This Research Topic welcomes authors worldwide to contribute any article types like Original Research, Review & Mini-Review, Methods, Hypothesis and Theory, and Perspectives related to this topic, especially for some rare or unusual isolates with extreme importance and significance. Themes in the Research Topic include but are not limited to the sub-topics we suggested below: 1. Detection, prevalence, phenotypic characterizations, risk assessment, and regional or long-term surveillance of the “super-bug” foodborne pathogens; 2. Mechanisms (especially novel mechanisms) explanation/exploration or drug target development using Omics-based technologies and bioinformatics analysis; 3. Regionally or global dissemination of “super-bug” foodborne pathogen clones or relevant determinants especially mobile genetic elements (MGEs); 4. Current advances in the novel and instant detection method/models or method comparison report for the pathogenicity phenotype of the foodborne pathogens; 5. Any pathogen/disease prevention control and clinical treatment management developed to oppose the “super-bug” foodborne pathogen, like the gut microbiota approach, etc. Please note that Frontiers in Microbiology does not accept Case Reports, Clinical Trials, and Systematic Reviews, hence Frontiers in Public Health is a better option. Conflict of Interest: Dr. Scott Van Nguyen works for ATCC. All other topic editors declare no conflict of interest.

Antimicrobial resistance has existed in nature long before the discovery of antibiotics. The mechanisms of resistance are prevalent among the bacterial population. Over a period of time and facilitated by indiscriminate usage of antibiotics, these mechanisms are transferred from one type of bacteria to another, including the pathogenic ones. In addition, the rate of discovery of novel antimicrobials is much slower than the rate of evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, there is a need for alternative strategies to control antimicrobial resistance to save lives. In this book, the novel strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance are described, emphasizing collaborative measures of control. We describe the concerted efforts undertaken by global communities to combat antimicrobial resistance in detail. The most efficient strategy could be a behavioral change towards indiscriminate consumption, usage, and prescription of antibiotics.

Public health has never been more important, or more controversial. What states do, and fail to do, makes a significant difference to the lives we are able to lead. Putting public health first would allow improvements to the health of everyone, especially the worst off. Yet many citizens actively oppose state interference to improve population health, complaining that it encroaches on personal liberty. How should policymakers reconcile these conflicting priorities? This groundbreaking book argues that philosophy is not just useful, but vital, for thinking coherently about priorities in health policy and public policy. Novel, theoretically rigorous, yet practical, Philosophy for Public Health and Public Policy examines why it is so common for public policies to fail in practice to improve the problems they aim to solve, and what to do about this. It argues that a shift to complex systems approaches to policymaking is overdue. Philosophers need to become much more attuned to the contingency and messiness of real world policymaking, and to the ways in which philosophical tools such as thought experiments are frequently unreliable. This book also provides an ethical framework for public health policy. It argues that public health is a right of citizens, alongside more familiar rights such as liberty and security. Public health should not be thought of merely as interference with the rights that individuals have, but as necessary to protect these rights. Chapters explore implications for resource allocation, personal responsibility, health equity, and the control of communicable disease.

This book addresses disaster and disaster risk reduction (DRR) practices, constraints and capacity in the context of coastal Bangladesh. Located in the lower riparian of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh has to face frequent disasters such as floods, cyclones, river erosion, salinity intrusion as well as drought. Drawing together a range of multidisciplinary perspectives, Coastal Disaster Risk Management in Bangladesh explores the connection between climate change and DRR issues in this region. The editors reorganize disaster studies around social and physical changes that can reduce these risks and put at risk populations on a stronger footing by making risk reduction the focus. These include measures to improve disaster preparedness, to boost recovery by creating better disaster planning and programs, and physical and social initiatives to improve disaster resilience. Also, analyzing the gender perspective, the volume also utilizes the local knowledge framework to consider whether these populations have resilient knowledge that needs to be incorporated into initiatives based on advanced technology and perspectives. This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, students, policymakers and practitioners in the field of disaster, DRR and governance, climate change, climate change adaptation (CCA) and the environment.

Finding natural substances is worthwhile in food preservation. The principal motivation behind this edited volume, Antimicrobials for Sustainable Food Storage, is to collect and present widespread knowledge in the domain of sustainable food ingredients with antimicrobial properties. The book consists of two sections. The first section of this volume is about food ingredients as antimicrobials, and the second section discusses the recent advances in the applications of food ingredients. Interplay of various environmental factors favors the growth of different microorganisms during the food preservation process. Growth of undesirable microorganisms negatively influences the taste, smell, color, and texture of food. Therefore, sustainable food preservation is a challenging issue. Though several chemicals have emerged, inevitable health effects are commonly encountered by food preserve chemicals. Microbial products (nisin, enterocin, pentosin, sakacin, and pediocin) have immense importance in prolonging the shelf life of food substances by controlling food spoilage and pathogenic microbes. Yeasts and cyanobacteria are also potential candidates in the supply of food ingredients with significant antimicrobial properties. However, limited awareness of antimicrobials as food ingredients and the unavailability of a single source of the latest insights on such food ingredients in one place led to the motivation to produce this work. Key Features: Provides insights on natural antimicrobials in food preservation Underlines the importance of sustainable food packaging Offers knowledge on emerging trends in antimicrobial-based food storage Diverse applications are covered in different chapters. This book covers various antimicrobials as food preservatives, such as metabolites, natural products, essential oils, nanomaterials, L-arginine, polyphenols, phaeophyceae, and horchata. There are also chapters that focus on the applicability and prospective studies of essential oils, edible biofilms, biodegradable antimicrobials, and nanostructured lipid carriers in the food sector and the method for encapsulation of antimicrobials.

Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterium and a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family that causes infections in humans and animals, making it one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Since its discovery in the late 1800s, significant progress has been made in the understanding of its genetics, classification, pathogenesis, detection, prevention, control, and treatment. Numerous reviews and chapters on Salmonella have been published, but some gaps remain to be addressed. This book includes seven chapters that focus on the low-cost prevention, control, and treatment of salmonellosis in developing countries. It begins with a brief review of Salmonella, followed by chapters on the transmission of the organism in food and companion animals relevant to the One Health approach, CRISPR-Cas systems in Salmonella for pathogen typing in diagnosis and surveillance, the low-cost control of Salmonella using solar disinfection of water in resource-limiting communities, and transmission and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella across the One Health sector. This book also introduces a new concept of AMR reversal using traditional Chinese medicine. The information provided in this book will encourage Salmonella researchers, medical professionals, and students to further enhance their own research and education as well as encourage new researchers to include Salmonella in their future research initiatives.

The book addresses and documents farmers' risks in developing and emerging economies. It draws lessons from experimental economics on measuring risk preferences, attitudes, gender differences in managing risks, and risk management strategies in countries across Africa and Asia. It argues policy makers, especially in emerging economies, need a better understanding of farmers' attitudes toward risk and choices of risk management strategies when designing policies to support production agriculture. The book includes chapters on three themes: understanding risk attitudes and preferences; using experimental economics to measure risk, preferences, and risk management strategies; and understanding climate change, risk, and risk management. The book critically examines the currently held beliefs about risk preference, attitudes, and empirical estimation of risk management strategies, emphasizing developing and emerging economies (DEE). This book is ideal for students and researchers in universities and research organizations who conduct applied research on public policy, community development, and rural development, and will also be of interest to policy-makers in those fields.

This book highlights the importance of various emerging technologies that are used to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities. It assesses several existing applied and environmental microbiological techniques and introduces new technologies through applied aspects. Select topics covered include municipal wastewater treatment, environmental microorganisms, metal pollutants in the environment, and biogeochemical cycling.