The resilience of food systems and security to emerging challenges and threats, especially in the context of environmental and climate risks and global pandemics such as the Covid-19 crisis, is currently gaining growing importance in research, policy, and practice. Based on this, the core focus of this book, as a part of a series of CERES publications, consists of identifiying and exploring the best ways to overcome such challenges and shocks and to build resilience in the Global South. More precisely, the book analyzes current dynamics and trends related to the climate resilience of food security and assess the relevance of emerging approaches such as climate-smart agriculture, new roles of agriculture extension, smart farming, and climate adaptation of farming systems.The book includes both conceptual and empirical research reporting lessons learned from many geographical, environmental, social, and policy settings while focusing on Africa, Middle East, and Asia. It also provides research and policy-oriented inputs and recommendations to guide change processes at multiple scales.

The causes of the climate change issue can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution. While there is an argument that global climate change does not actually exist and that global warming and cooling occur periodically within the Earth’s natural balance, prevailing scientific viewpoints assert that climate change is an immutable reality and will worsen in the coming years if no preventive measures are taken. Our study is based on the assumptions that global climate change exists and is human-induced. Climate change is a natural phenomenon that has always existed on Earth, occurring for millions of years. The long-term geological variations in the Earth’s climate represent natural climate change. However, in the last quarter of the 20th century, particularly with the increasing industrialization, the climate change that has occurred is artificial and anthropogenic in nature (Çepel, 2003: 125-145). According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition, climate change refers to a modification in the climate that can be observed over comparable time intervals1 and is a consequence of human activities that directly or indirectly alter the composition of the global atmosphere, in addition to natural climate variations (IPCC, 2001: 13). Based on conducted studies, it has been observed that the global average temperature of the Earth has increased by 0,6ºC in the past century. It is projected that from the year 1990 to 2100, the global average temperature of the Earth will increase by an estimated range of 1.4 to 5.8ºC. However, one should not be misled by these seemingly small temperature increases. A 1ºC increase in surface temperature can result in significant changes on Earth. When we consider the ongoing impacts of climate change within the context of sustainable development, it becomes evident that it could lead to severe catastrophes in the future (Karakaya & Özçağ, 2003: 2). The primary cause of climate change is the substantial increase in emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, particularly due to industrialization. There are six major greenhouse gases responsible for global climate change. These include Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH₄), Nitrous Oxide (N₂O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF₆). Among these gases, CO₂ is the most significant, accounting for approximately 80% of the total greenhouse gas emissions. CO₂ emissions result from the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are used in various sectors of the economy. The CO₂ emissions solely attributable to fossil fuel consumption worldwide exceeded twice their 1973 levels by the end of 2019, rising from 15,461 million tons (Mt) to 33,622 Mt. Of this emission quantity, 44% originates from coal consumption, 33.7% from petroleum consumption, 21.6% from natural gas consumption, and 0.7% from industrial and non-renewable waste sources. When examined by regions, as of the end of 2019, 33.6% of CO₂ emissions are attributed to OECD countries, 29.5% to China, 13.6% to non-OECD Asia except China, 7.6% to non-OECD Europe and Eurasia, 5.2% to the Middle East, 3.8% to Africa, and 2.8% to non-OECD Americas countries (IEA, 2021: 54-55). The natural disasters arising as a consequence of global climate change, such as droughts, glacier melting, rising sea levels, flood disasters, hurricanes, and the imminent threat of extinction for certain species, pose substantial risks on a global scale, particularly in terms of the economic and social contexts, including agriculture, industry, and tourism sectors. The agriculture sector and food security are the domains that will be most severely affected by the issue of climate change globally. Food security is defined as taking measures by adhering to the necessary health regulations in the production, processing, storage, transportation, and distribution stages of food production to ensure the production of healthy food. Additionally, it refers to food that is safe, hygienic, beneficial to human health, and maintains its health status (Ceyhun Sezgin, 2020: 175). Nevertheless, there are various socio-economic and technological developments, urbanization, land use in agriculture, and global trade, among other factors, which affect food security on a global scale. Climate change and its associated impacts contribute to changes in nature, consequently increasing or altering the factors that affect food security. Factors affecting food security can emerge at any point along the food supply chain, and climate change can either trigger or directly cause such issues. Examples of factors influencing food security include fluctuations in temperature, extreme weather events, ocean and sea warming and acidification, as well as the development of resistance by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi due to changes in temperature and rainfall patterns (Tirado, Clarke, Jaykus, McQuatters, & Frank, 2010). In the first chapter of this book, climate change, the factors contributing to this change and the effects of climate change on the world and our country have been examined. The second chapter discusses definitions related to food security, the global situation regarding food security and the factors influencing food security. The third chapter explores the impacts of climate change on food security. We hope that our study serves as a warning to the government, local authorities and food producers and also provides a valuable guide for students and colleagues in their academic endeavors. We would like to express our gratitude to the Hiperlink Publishing team and the Editor-in-Chief, Ms. Hatice BAHTİYAR, for their valuable support during the preparation and printing process of our book.

This book gathers contributions discussing climate change in Egypt from an agricultural perspective. Written by leading experts, it presents state-of-the-art insights and the latest research developments in light of the most recent IPCC report. Focusing on identifying the specific phenomena that affect climate change in Egypt, the book also addresses the effects of climate change in Egypt, particularly examining the quality and quantity of water resources as well as the socio-economic impacts of climate change on agricultural activities. Furthermore, it explores alternative solutions to support agriculture and food security and raises awareness of adaptation and protection as the key to adapting to the risks posed by climate change. Covering the four fundamental pillars of climate change: food security, availability, access and stability, this book is a valuable resource for stakeholders involved in achieving the 2030 sustainable development goals in Egypt and all countries with similar climatic conditions. It is also a unique source of information and updates on climate change impacts for graduates, researchers, policy planners, and decision-makers.

As the global population grows and incomes in poor countries rise, so too, will the demand for food, placing additional pressure on sustainable food production. Climate change adds a further challenge, as changes in temperature and precipitation threaten agricultural productivity and the capacity to feed the world's population. This study assesses how serious the danger to food security might be and suggests some steps policymakers can take to remedy the situation.Using various modeling techniques, the authors project 15 different future scenarios for food security through 2050. Each scenario involves an alternative combination of potential population and income growth and climate change. The authors also examine the specific test case of a hypothetical extended drought in South Asia, to demonstrate the possible effects of increased climate variability on a particular world region. They conclude that the negative effects of climate change on food security can be counteracted by broad-based economic growthparticularly improved agricultural productivityand robust international trade in agricultural products to offset regional shortages. In pursuit of these goals, policymakers should increase public investment in land, water, and nutrient use and maintain relatively free international trade. This inquiry into the future of food security should be of use to policymakers and others concerned with the impact of climate change on international development.

Global climatic change has resulted in new and unpredictable patterns of precipitation and temperature, the increased frequency of extreme weather events and rising sea levels. These changes impact all four aspects of food security – availability, accessibility, stability of supply and appropriate nourishment – as well as the entire food system – food production, marketing, processing, distribution and prices. Climate Change and Food Security focuses on the challenge to food security posed by a changing climate. The book brings together many of the critical global concerns of climate change and food security through local cases based on empirical studies undertaken in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. Focusing on risk reduction and the complex nature of vulnerability to climate change, the book includes chapters on the responsiveness of farmers based on traditional knowledge, as well as the critical phenomenon of food insecurity in the urban setting. Other chapters are devoted to efforts made to strengthen resilience through long-term development, with interventions at the regional and national levels of scale. It also examines cross-cutting themes that underlie the strategies employed to achieve food security, including equity, gender, livelihoods and governance. This edited volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of climate change, food security, environmental management and sustainable development.

This report develops three contrasting scenarios to illustrate alternative futures, based on several global economic models and extensive stakeholder discussions, and outlines policy considerations to help ensure that future needs are met sustainably.

This book emphasis the role of farm level adaptation as a key in developmental pathways that are challenged by climate risks in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. It throws light on key issues that arise in farm level impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change and discusses Q2 methodological approaches undertaken in study domains of Asia and Africa. The book systematically describes the perceptions, aspirations as elicited/voiced by the farmers and identifies determinants of adaptation decisions. Chapters identify constraints and opportunities that are translated into indicative intervention recommendations towards climate resilient farm households in the semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. Furthermore, it discusses with evidences that contributes to the development of livelihood strategy for poor farmers in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and China) and Africa (Burkina Faso, Niger, Kenya and Ghana).

The book provides an analysis of impacts of climate change on water for agriculture, and the adaptation strategies in water management to deal with these impacts. Chapters include an assessment at global level, with details on impacts in various countries. Adaptation measures including groundwater management, water storage, small and large scale irrigation to support agriculture and aquaculture are presented. Agricultural implications of sea level rise, as a subsequent impact of climate change, are also examined.

Given its heavy reliance on rainfed agriculture and projected climatic and weather changes, SSA faces multidimensional challenges in ensuring food and nutrition security as well as preserving its ecosystems. In this regard, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) can play an important role in addressing the interlinked challenges of food security and climate change. CSA practices aim to achieve three closely related objectives: sustainably increase agricultural productivity, adapt to climate change, and mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The CSA objectives directly contribute to achieving the 2014 Malabo Declaration goals, which include commitments to (1) end hunger in Africa by 2025, (2) halve poverty by 2025 through inclusive agricultural growth and transformation, and (3) enhance the resilience of livelihoods and production systems to climate variability and other related risks. These linkages underscore the importance of including CSA in country and regional plans to achieve overarching development objectives in Africa, in particular food security and poverty reduction. The 2016 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR) examines the contribution of CSA to meeting Malabo Declaration goals by taking stock of current knowledge on the effects of climate change, reviewing existing evidence of the effectiveness of various CSA strategies, and discussing examples of CSA-based practices and tools for developing evidence-based policies and programs.