Formal Languages and Applications provides a comprehensive study-aid and self-tutorial for graduates students and researchers. The main results and techniques are presented in an readily accessible manner and accompanied by many references and directions for further research. This carefully edited monograph is intended to be the gateway to formal language theory and its applications, so it is very useful as a review and reference source of information in formal language theory.

Formal languages provide the theoretical underpinnings for the study of programming languages as well as the foundations for compiler design. They are important in such areas as data transmission and compression, computer networks, etc. This book combines an algebraic approach with algorithmic aspects and decidability results and explores applications both within computer science and in fields where formal languages are finding new applications such as molecular and developmental biology. It contains more than 600 graded exercises. While some are routine, many of the exercises are in reality supplementary material. Although the book has been designed as a text for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students, the comprehensive coverage of the subject makes it suitable as a reference for scientists.

About the Book: This book is intended for the students who are pursuing courses in B.Tech/B.E. (CSE/IT), M.Tech/M.E. (CSE/IT), MCA and M.Sc (CS/IT). The book covers different crucial theoretical aspects such as of Automata Theory, Formal Language Theory, Computability Theory and Computational Complexity Theory and their applications. This book can be used as a text or reference book for a one-semester course in theory of computation or automata theory. It includes the detailed coverage of  Introduction to Theory of Computation  Essential Mathematical Concepts  Finite State Automata  Formal Language & Formal Grammar  Regular Expressions & Regular Languages  Context-Free Grammar  Pushdown Automata  Turing Machines  Recursively Enumerable & Recursive Languages  Complexity Theory Key Features: « Presentation of concepts in clear, compact and comprehensible manner « Chapter-wise supplement of theorems and formal proofs « Display of chapter-wise appendices with case studies, applications and some pre-requisites « Pictorial two-minute drill to summarize the whole concept « Inclusion of more than 200 solved with additional problems « More than 130 numbers of GATE questions with their keys for the aspirants to have the thoroughness, practice and multiplicity « Key terms, Review questions and Problems at chapter-wise termination What is New in the 2nd Edition?? « Introduction to Myhill-Nerode theorem in Chapter-3 « Updated GATE questions and keys starting from the year 2000 to the year 2018 «Practical Implementations through JFLAP Simulator About the Authors: Soumya Ranjan Jena is the Assistant Professor in the School of Computing Science and Engineering at Galgotias University, Greater Noida, U.P., India. Previously he has worked at GITA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, K L Deemed to be University, A.P and AKS University, M.P, India. He has more than 5 years of teaching experience. He has been awarded M.Tech in IT, B.Tech in CSE and CCNA. He is the author of Design and Analysis of Algorithms book published by University Science Press, Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Santosh Kumar Swain, Ph.D, is an Professor in School of Computer Engineering at KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. He has over 23 years of experience in teaching to graduate and post-graduate students of computer engineering, information technology and computer applications. He has published more than 40 research papers in International Journals and Conferences and one patent on health monitoring system.

Language is one of the most challenging issues that remain to be explained from the physiological and psychological points of view. As a complex system, its formal modelling and simulation present important difficulties. Models proposed up to now have not been able to give either a coherent explanation of natural language or a satisfactory computational model for the processing of natural language. To investigate natural language, we need to cross traditional academic boundaries in order to solve the different problems related to language. This book is an attempt to connect and integrate several academic disciplines and technologies in the pursuit of a common task: the study of language. The main goal of the book is to boost the interchange of knowledge and viewpoints between specialists who, working on linguistics, biology or computation, have an interest in bringing their methods together in order to provide innovative and challenging tools and formalisms to approach and improve theories and models on languages. The subject of this book will attract researchers from many fields who are interested in natural or artificial languages and want to enrich their scientific research with theories, methods and ideas coming from different disciplines. People dealing with linguistics, computer science, formal language theory and biology may find in this book new and challenging ideas.

Elementary set theory accustoms the students to mathematical abstraction, includes the standard constructions of relations, functions, and orderings, and leads to a discussion of the various orders of infinity. The material on logic covers not only the standard statement logic and first-order predicate logic but includes an introduction to formal systems, axiomatization, and model theory. The section on algebra is presented with an emphasis on lattices as well as Boolean and Heyting algebras. Background for recent research in natural language semantics includes sections on lambda-abstraction and generalized quantifiers. Chapters on automata theory and formal languages contain a discussion of languages between context-free and context-sensitive and form the background for much current work in syntactic theory and computational linguistics. The many exercises not only reinforce basic skills but offer an entry to linguistic applications of mathematical concepts. For upper-level undergraduate students and graduate students in theoretical linguistics, computer-science students with interests in computational linguistics, logic programming and artificial intelligence, mathematicians and logicians with interests in linguistics and the semantics of natural language.

Almost four decades have passed since "Formal Grammars "first appeared in 1974. At that time it was still possible to rather comprehensively review for (psycho)linguists the relevant literature on the theory of formal languages and automata, on their applications in linguistic theory and in the psychology of language. That is no longer feasible. In all three areas developments have been substantial, if not breathtaking. Nowadays, an interested linguist or psycholinguist opening any text on formal languages can no longer see the wood for the trees, as it is by no means evident which formal, mathematical tools are really required for natural language applications. An historical perspective can be helpful here. There are paths through the wood that have been beaten since decades; they can still provide useful orientation. The origins of these paths can be traced in the three volumes of "Formal Grammars," brought together in the present re-edition. In a newly added postscript the author has sketched what has become, after all these years, of formal grammars in linguistics and psycholinguistics, or at least some of the core developments. This chapter may provide further motivation for the reader to make a trip back to some of the historical sources.

This textbook introduces formal languages and automata theory for upper-level undergraduate or beginning graduate students. While it contains the traditional mathematical development usually employed in computational theory courses, it is also quite different from many of them. Machines, grammars, and algorithms developed as part of a constructive proof are intended to be rendered as programs. The book is divided into four parts that build on each other. Part I reviews fundamental concepts. It introduces programming in FSM and reviews program design. In addition, it reviews essential mathematical background on sets, relations, and reasoning about infinite sets. Part II starts the study of formal languages and automata theory in earnest with regular languages. It first introduces regular expressions and shows how they are used to write programs that generate words in a regular language. Given that regular expressions generate words, it is only natural to ask how a machine can recognize words in a regular language. This leads to the study of deterministic and nondeterministic finite-state machines. Part III starts the exploration of languages that are not regular with context-free languages. It begins with context-free grammars and pushdown automata to generate and recognize context-free languages, and it ends with a discussion of deterministic pushdown automata and illustrates why these automatons are fundamentally different from nondeterministic pushdown automata. Part IV eventually explores languages that are not context-free, known as context-sensitive languages. It starts by discussing the most powerful automaton known to mankind: the Turing machine. It then moves to grammars for context-sensitive languages, and their equivalence with Turing machines is explored. The book ends with a brief chapter introducing complexity theory and explores the question of determining if a solution to a problem is practical.

This comprehensive reference work provides an overview of the concepts, methodologies, and applications in computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP). Features contributions by the top researchers in the field, reflecting the work that is driving the discipline forward Includes an introduction to the major theoretical issues in these fields, as well as the central engineering applications that the work has produced Presents the major developments in an accessible way, explaining the close connection between scientific understanding of the computational properties of natural language and the creation of effective language technologies Serves as an invaluable state-of-the-art reference source for computational linguists and software engineers developing NLP applications in industrial research and development labs of software companies

Automata Theory and Formal Languages presents the difficult concepts of automata theory in a straightforward manner, including discussions on diverse concepts and tools that play major roles in developing computing machines, algorithms and code. Automata theory includes numerous concepts such as finite automata, regular grammar, formal languages, context free and context sensitive grammar, push down automata, Turing machine, and decidability, which constitute the backbone of computing machines. This book enables readers to gain sufficient knowledge and experience to construct and solve complex machines. Each chapter begins with key concepts followed by a number of important examples that demonstrate the solution. The book explains concepts and simultaneously helps readers develop an understanding of their application with real-world examples, including application of Context Free Grammars in programming languages and Artificial Intelligence, and cellular automata in biomedical problems. - Presents the concepts of Automata Theory and Formal Languages in an easy-to-understand approach - Helps the readers understand key concepts by solving real-world examples. - Provides the readers with a simple approach to connect the theory with the latest trend like software testing, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. - Includes a wide coverage of applications of automata theory and formal languages.

This uniquely authoritative and comprehensive handbook is the first work to cover the vast field of formal languages, as well as their applications to the divergent areas of linguistics, dvelopmental biology, computer graphics, cryptology, molecular genetics, and programming languages. The work has been divided into three volumes.