This book introduces students to ideas, events and personalities that have created the present-day world. Many of these significant factors either do not find mention in school texts or are not handled with sufficient clarity. This book thus attempts to set them out in a way that challenges young-adult minds. it is hoped that this book will enthuse them to explore the raesons for and the results of important historical developments.

The prestige of the Enlightenment has declined in recent years. Many consider its thinking abstract, its art and poetry uninspiring, and the assertion that it introduced a new age of freedom and progress after centuries of darkness and superstition presumptuous. In this book, an eminent scholar of modern culture shows that the Enlightenment was a more complex phenomenon than most of its detractors and advocates assume. It includes rationalist as well as antirationalist tendencies, a critique of traditional morality and religion as well as an attempt to establish them on new foundations, even the beginning of a moral renewal and a spiritual revival. The Enlightenment’s critique of tradition was a necessary consequence of the fundamental modern principle that we humans are solely responsible for the course of history. Hence we can accept no belief, no authority, no institutions that are not in some way justified. This foundation, for better or for worse, determined the course of the following centuries. Despite contemporary reactions against it, the Enlightenment continues to shape our own time and still distinguishes Western culture from any other.

Daniel Chernilo offers an original reconstruction of the history of universalism in modern social thought from Hobbes to Habermas.

This book explores the roles and visions foundations have of, and for, themselves in the new Europe. The leading contributors go beyond a quantitative profile of foundations in Europe, and probe deeper into their role and contributions in meeting the economic, cultural, environmental and educational needs of European societies. Includes a mapping and appraisal of foundation visions, policies and strategies, and an overall assessment of the current and future policy environment in which they operate. The Politics of Foundations combines the detailed comparative analysis of current challenges facing foundations, with individual country studies on Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and also includes a comparative view from the United States. This valuable reference will be of interest to researchers and students of foundations, policy-making, comparative politics and international business, as well as policy makers and professionals.

That the recent turn in European Constitutional Review has effectively brought about a revolution in European law has been observed before. At issue are two major developments in European judicial review. On the one hand, the European Court of Human Rights has been collapsing traditional boundaries between constitutional law and private law with a series of decisions that effectively recognized the "horizontal" effect of Convention rights in the private sphere. On the other hand, the European Court of Justice has also given horizontal effect to fundamental liberties embodied in the Treaty on the Function of the European Union in a number of recent cases in a way that puts "established" boundaries between Member State and Union competences in question. This book takes issue with these developments by bringing to the fore a key issue that the horizontality effect debate has hitherto largely overlooked, namely, the question of sovereignty. It shows with detailed references to especially the American debate on state action and the German debate on Drittwirkung that horizontal effect cannot be understood consistently without coming to grips with the conceptions of state sovereignty that inform different approaches to horizontal effect.

Medium: English Pages: 750+ (Year 2008 to year 2022) E-BOOK NAME : UPSC MAINS GENERAL STUDIES SOLVED PAPERS PDF File Type: PDF File Contents: General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2022 Paper-1 to Paper-4 (NEW!) General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2021 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2020 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2019 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2018 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2017 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2016 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2015 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2014 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2013 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2012 Paper-1 to Paper-4 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2011 Paper-1 to Paper-2 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2010 Paper-1 to Paper-2 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2009 Paper-1 to Paper-2 General Studies UPSC MAIN – 2008 Paper-1 to Paper-2

The 'Encyclopedia' provides an introduction to the social and cultural foundations of education. The first two volumes consist of A-Z entries, featuring essays representing the major disciplines including philosophy, history, and sociology, and a third volume is made up of documentary, photographic, and visual resources.

Why modern man is more dangerous than wild animals even after higher education & elite status? Why are diseases uncontrolled and deaths are vital despite advanced medical science? Why do bad things happen to good people and vice versa despite omnipotent law of natural justice? These are some of the questions which often arise in our mind sooner or later. We often ponder upon these painful questions, but never get absolute solution. In light of the wisdom of Bhagavad Gita, the author has endeavored to uncover the root cause of the sufferings for a viable vedic solution through an in depth analysis of contemporary challenges of present society.

Why does our society or any society function as it does? Many of the activities were established by social systems created in the past and are currently being maintained by the larger society. Other organized patterns of behavior seemed to have occurred spontaneously, without any specific organizing effort, but continue to control and govern behavior for very long periods of time. ? Why are certain animals used for domestic stock and not others? Why is the method of farming in China and India so different from farming in America and Europe? Why are there so many more people in Asia and India than in the rest of the world? Was there some guiding principle that determined which patterns of behavior would dominate? To understand these process one must first understand the layers of systems controlling our world.