This volume explores the interaction of globalization among economic, social, politics, cultural era. With its global implications, this book will be invaluable for students scholars from all disciplines who are concerned with the impact and dimension globalization. This volume “Dimension and Impact of Globalization” of series will make sense of globalization by conveying its complexity, importance, and contentiousness from diverse vantage points. With its broad coverage of political, economic, cultural, social and individual dimensions, this volume provides readers with a comprehensive introduction to globalization. Also this book will aim to provide relevant theoretical frameworks and the latest empirical research ndings in the area. It will be written for professionals who want to improve their understanding of the globalization dimension such as; economical, political, cultural, social etc.

The concept of globalisation is essentially about the increasing economic, political, cultural and technological intergradation with increasing speed, depth and breadth. Globalisation has become a buzz word in many academic debates, espe- cially, amongst those who use the concept to describe the spread of global capi- talism, market, the declining role of the state, and globalisation of civil society. (Harvey, 2005; Harmon, 2009; Chomsky 1999; Saad-Filho and Johnston 2004). In short, Harvey defines neoliberalism as: . . . a theory of political, economic practices that proposes that human well-be- ing can best be advanced by liberating individual entrepreneurial freedoms and skills within an institutional framework characterized by strong private property rights, free markets and free trade. The role of the state is to create and preserve an institutional framework appropriate to such practices. The state has to guarantee, for example, the quality and integrity of money. It must also set up those military, defence, police and legal structures and func- tions required to secure private property rights and to guarantee, by force if need be, the proper functioning of markets. Furthermore, if markets do not exist (in areas such as land, water, education, health care, social security, or environmental pollution) then they must be created, by state action if neces- sary (Harvey 2005:2). This has become an all-encompassing term for differing economic and political projects. What essentially new liberalism has in common is that the state should be minimal, as the competition of the market will bring economic efficiency and choice. The crisis of capitalism in the late 1970s and 1980s has opened the gap for neoliberal ideas to have resonance as a solution to global capitalism. Despite their political, historical, geographical and economic differences, nearly every country in the world, especially, in the global south, has implemented neoliberal policies in some form. The policies have become an increasingly real alternative to over-come the predicament of the world economy. With the demise of Soviet ideology, the advocates of the free market liberalism in the world, particularly, in the USA, saw this as an opportunity to reassert their power globally. Hence, the globalisation of the world economy is claimed to ‘serve the great majority of the world’s people’, and it will liberate the poor countries be- cause they will have ‘free domestic and international trade and more open financial markets’ (Wade: 2004:38). At the core of globalisation lies the belief that a country must promote the pri- vate sector as the primary engine of its economic growth by shrinking the size of its state bureaucracy; increasing exports; privatising state-owned industries and utilities and deregulating capital markets (Freidman, 1999). The process that led to claim that the state, ‘that artefact of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries – has begun to crumble’ (Ohmea, 1995: 7). With the international system, the borders are no longer necessary, and the international commerce would become free from the cumbersome constraints of state interference. However, the reality after nearly three decades of globalisation have not been drastically different from much of the world, the international system has yet to witness universalization of democracy or wealth. In fact, ‘one of the consequences of globalisation appears to have been the poor growth and polarisation of wealth’ (Morady & Siriner, 2011). Whilst ‘the free market ideology that has dominated the public discourse as it puts emphasis on the dominant criterion of maximising profit through the private sec- tor’, a more fundamental question is, ‘whether the market will be able to provide all the social, economic and political needs of the world’s people’ (Morady & Siriner, 2011), when the “bare logic” of capitalism is pitted against the cultural values of hu- man experience (Castells, 2000). Globalisation, even if it’s intended to meet basic economic, political and social needs of ordinary people, it has failed to deliver in much of the world. Indeed, this is noticeable in the area of gender equality. Their opposition to the globalisation has also been considerable with different social movements such as ‘anti Capitalism’ and ‘anti war movement’ have challenged the neoliberal agenda around the world. They have demonstrated their resentment in the process of economic, political and social unevenness, inequality between poor and rich, men and women, and the power of international organisations. The organisation of the current book comprises different articles dealing with vari- ous domestic, regional, and global economics, political and social issues. This book is mainly focusing on Turkey, but different authors have used different frameworks with empirical studies. We hope to provide an assessment of globalisation and its impact within the international system. The first article by Evren Denktaş and Bengü Doğangün Yasa is an attempts to ana- lyse Karl Marx and Max Weber’s work of social classes and its role in the economy and society. The article will argue that the middle class continues to play vital eco- nomic and political role, even though there has significant changes since globaliza- tion, especially in the developing countries. The current economic complexity has become centre of attention for economic sociologists. Consequently, Karl Polanyi’s concept of “(Dis)embeddedness”. Gülten Dursun’s paper will argue that the capitalist mode of production and distribution is within the field of economic system. Hence, as Polanyi argues the economy is im- mersed in social relations, i.e., it is not outside of this or independent. Sema Yılmaz Genç will investigate Ibni Khaldun’s economic contribution and his relevance in the contemporary globalized world. It will demonstrate that even though his work was articulated seven centuries ago, it continues to influence the modern academic literatures. Hilal Yıldız and Keremet Shaiymbetova investigate the relationship between in- come inequality and economic growth through empirical studies of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) countries. Employing The Kuznets Curve they show in the latter stages of development, transition from agriculture towards industrialisation will lead to a change in the direction of income – inequality relation. In the first stage, with an increase in income, inequality will increase, but in the latter stages of industrialisation, with increasing income, the inequality level will decrease. Figen Büyükakın, focuses on credibility of Central Bank of Republic of Turkey to identify the importance of reliability in the effectiveness of monetary policy. In the event that macroeconomic dynamics are out of balance in an economy, monetary policies cannot provide sufficient confidence or control inflation. Therefore, pos- sessing credibility for policy makers is vital in order to solve problems. She assesses CBRT’s credible monetary policy strategy performance in Turkish Economy in the last decade. Zişan Kılıçarslan assesses the importance of inflation targeting strategy in the Turkish economy. Using the Chow and Quant-Andrews structural break tests, she determined that the inflation targeting strategy applied in Turkey since 2002 had caused a structural break on the determined basic macroeconomic variables such as the consumer price index, exchange rate basket, budget deficit/GDP ratio, cur- rent deficit/GDP ratio and GDP growth ratio. The inflation targeting strategy is used with the aim of creating sustainability and permanence in price stabilization while fighting against inflation in the1990’s. İsmail Şiriner and Keremet Shayimbetova demonstrate the impact of globalisation on the Great Financial Crisis of 2008 and the financial stability. By focusing on CBRT’s monetary policy approaches since the 2007 crisis, they argue that the fi- nancial stability of the system requires an effective monetary policy for the stability of the economy as a whole. Murat Aydın, looks at the role of state in local development in the period after glo- balization in Turkey. With the 2008 economic crises, expansion of service indus- tries, structural unemployment, and decentralization have increased the responsi- bility of local development agencies. The state has continued to be the major actor, but working alongside of the local agencies; they have been responsible to regulate and implement policies to suit the market. Mustafa Doğan also looks at the local development issue, yet assessing the role of ecomuseums in Turkey. Whilst the principles of sustainable local development are now widely implemented across the world, at the same time are protecting cultural and natural assets. The article will provide an overview on ecomuseums: that they are focused on a specific place or ‘territory’, and on the relationship between the population and their environment, culture and local history. He will argue that ecomuseums have been utilized as a major means of promoting sustainable de- velopment in many rural areas of the world by conserving natural, historical and sociocultural resources of a locality, whilst recognisıng a place’s potential to pro- vide low-level tourism and economic/social opportunities. The empirical work of the paper is based on ecomuseum and social-economic development in Boğatepe village, in the province of Kars in Turkey. One of the consequences of globalisation is migration and gender as it is becom- ing a major socioeconomic study. The feminisation of migration as defining the number of women at international labour migration, has been increasing in recent years. Nilay Etiler and Kuvvet Lordoğlu will assess the health problems of recent fe- male migrants. They will argue that women migrants, are mostly employed in jobs that are appropriate to their gender roles such as housework or childcare. Whilst, the health of migrants as a whole deteriorate because of poor living and working conditions, the female workers suffer more, especially in the area of mental health. Ayhan Orhan focuses on the property rights of natural Resources in a globalised world. He examines the rapid change of natural resource distribution in since the 1990’s, which has added a new dimension to the concept of property rights. Hence, he argues that natural resources and property rights could not be treated indepen- dently from Multi National Companies or the states. As a last contributor of this volume of globalization, Farhang Morady argues that Iran’s strategy to balance between the US on the one hand, and China, Russia and India on the other, was a failure. According his determinations, the end of the Cold War and the emergence of new independent republics in Central Asia offered Iran the opportunity to become a vital actor in the geopolitics of the region. Iran was seen as a possible corridor between Central Asia, the Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Struggling against US policy of strategic isolation, Iran made concerted efforts to break out of it by cultivating closer ties with non-Western pow- ers. It used diplomacy, energy, and trade for the purpose of balancing its foreign re- lations. His paper will assess the strategic ambitions of Iran as a regional power and the degree of its success in combating Western imposed sanctions and the US mili- tary threat over the disputed nuclear programme. This ‘balancing against the West’ was the dominant approach during the Conservative presidency of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. In the paper he figures out that it reflects a changed approach to serving Iran’s interest by working with, and not against, the West. Due to nuclear détente, growing strategic convergence with the US in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the American shift in emphasis to the Pacific, Iran has an iinvaluable opportunity to re-emerge as a crucial member in the Indian Ocean Region. We hope this addition of globalisation will provide some ideas to inspire academics and students not only to hat the world is facing, but some solutions as well.

For many scholars and political activists, "globalization” encompasses a variety of economic, political, cultural, ideological, and environmental practices that have accelerated in the last few decades. Manfred Steger presents globalization in plain, readable English as a multifaceted system encompassing global, regional, and local aspects of social life. In addition to unpacking the term’s various dimensions, he investigates whether globalization is "good” or "bad”: a question hotly debated in classrooms, boardrooms, and on the streets.

The growth paradigm or the economic growth generally been presented as a positive, limitless and good for social problems. The term was hardly touched in pre-capitalism by any academic research. With the rise of capitalism and industrial revolution it became an important tool to measure production quantitatively and qualitatively. Industrialisation also encouraged the expansion of trade and gradual breakdown of the pre-capitalist order in 18th century in Britain. The spread of market had facilitated the specialisation, encouraging division of labour. Whilst for The Classical Political Economists; Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Malthus; economic growth is self-reinforcing. Marx pointed out importance of forces and relations of production and significance of social classes within it (Marx, 1863). Smith, Ricardo and Malthus were writing at a time when capitalist development was expanding fast and growth was a central in the process. The gradual impact of the West on the rest of world became part of a wider process of change in the World Economy. European capital increased its domination of the world trade through expansionist commercial policies (Wallerstein, 1979). The economic growth encouraged commerce. The necessity to export, and other technological changes formed part of the reason for the decline of feudalism. This transition from feudalism to capitalism began in the West and soon made an impact on the rest of the World. T Farhang Morady, Hakan Kapucu, Ömer Yalçınkaya (Development & Growth: Economic Impacts of Globalization) 12 In 1932 Simon Kuznets, the US economist identified Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to measure the national output of a country within a period. It has continued to be an important indicator to measure economic growth, but it has also been under considerable criticisms. For example; GDP treats resources as income without excluding depletion or depression of the resources. Moreover, GDP has been criticised for disregarding income distribution. Despite all the criticism, GDP has been the most significant indicator of growth and development. With the Post War-II reconstruction of devastated countries and in order to kick-start the World Economy, the state in both developed and developing counties became the important agency to facilitate economic growth. The establishment of the Bretton Woods institutions, the Keynesian model of government intervention and the US implementation of “New Deal” facilitated growth. This was deliberate strategy to reconstruct and create networks of international cooperation. This was pointed out by President Truman in 1949: A program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair-dealing. All countries, including our own, will greatly benefit from a constructive program for the better use of the World's human and natural resources (Truman, 1949). This meant the reinforcement and need to distribute the 'Benefits' of capitalist form of development, more widely, against the planned economy sustained by the Soviet Union. The economist such as Joseph Schumpeter pointed to the possibility that capitalist growth, if it is sustained, could abolish poverty (Schumpeter, 1954, pp66-68). Whilst development meant rapid industrialisation, GDP became a key policy objective for the policy makers and governments around the world, not just in the Soviet Union but the Western Capitalist World, to set targets for their Growth Rate. The end of the Cold War in the 1980s, for some, meant triumph of Neoliberal Capitalism. The others talked of trade liberalization; free movement of capital and the development of information technology, facilitating the relocation of businesses across the world. (Ohmae, 1995). Friedman suggested that globalization is the Inevitable; Integration of markets, nation-states and technologies ... enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states, to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before (Friedman, 1999). Development & Growth: Economic Impact of Globalization (Edited by: Farhang Morady, Hakan Kapucu, Ömer Yalçınkaya) 13 Francis Fukuyama (1992) suggested the new era as ‘The End of History’ through which the ‘Liberal Idea’ triumphed, leading to a new global hegemony. For Fukuyama the only route to modernity, growth and development is the Neo-liberal Democratic path under Global Capitalism. This optimism was not shared by all academics, as Globalization produced poor growth and polarization of wealth: what Collier terms the ‘Bottom one Billion’ (2008). As a result, there has been major criticism of the World Bank and the International Monetary Funds in the second half of the 1990s, especially with the Asian financial and economic crises. The response from these institutions has been vigorous. They continued to believe that liberalization, deregulation, and privatization represent the best way forward for growth and development. With 2008 world recession the World Economy has faced a new challenge. The emergence of powerful economies such as; China, India and Brazil; helped the world economy to grow, at least for now. However, the unevenness of the world economy continues to cause difficulties especially the US as they feeling the threat of their competitors such as China, Germany and even India. The victory of Donald Trump as the S President has represented an ideological shift from free trade advocator of global capitalism to a mixture of right-wing populism. Before and after the presidential election, he called for the revival of the American economy, which has been under considerable pressure since 2008 World Recession. In order to prove growth rate Trump has a huge challenge ahead, not least to deal with the competition from South East Asian economies, especially China. It remains to be seen whether the new US administration will continue with their populist rhetoric In this book, “Economic Impacts of Globalization: Growth & Development”, several academicians provide different analysis of economic growth and economic development. The scientific ethics and responsibility of the works in the book belong to the authors / writers. The book compromises of 15 chapters focusing on economic growth and economic development in the era of globalisation. By taking different angles, they demonstrate different problems and solutions.

Contributed seminar papers presented at national seminar, held on 4th-6th Dec., 2007, Dept. of Political Science, Jamia Millia Islamia.

This book contributes to the growing amount of literature that is concerned with the relationship between globalisation and social security. The aim of this work is, first, to clarify the impact of the globalisation process on social security systems and, second, to formulate substantive and technical proposals for the adaptation of existing social security schemes to an altered socio-economic context and for the elaboration of international legal instruments aimed at an effective substantive and procedural protection of social security as a fundamental right.The report is divided into three parts. The first part is concerned with the social impact of globalisation and its consequences for social security systems in the high-income economies. The first article of this section considers the nature of globalisation as well as its social impact. It spells out some fundamental challenges facing social security systems. The following article elaborates further on one specific challenge, that is: the need for social security to adapt to the increased territorial mobility of workers.The second part looks at the effects of globalisation on social security in relation to middle- and low-income countries and examines the extent to which existing arrangements in these countries are able to provide adequate income protection to me majority of the population. For the group of middle-income countries, the relevance of globalisation for the privatisation of pension systems is analysed as well as the consequences with respect to their main social functions, i.e. the provision of old-age income security and income redistribution. This is done so through a comparative analysis of Latin American countries that have implemented pension policy reform. The following two articles consider the experience of social security systems in low-income countries. In the first article the impact and challenges of globalisation for existing formal and informal social security arrangements in low-income countries are explored and options are suggested for alternative approaches to social security provision that are better suited to the circumstances of low-income countries. The arguments have been illustrated with evidence from Cote d'Ivoire, a country with a socio-economic situation and social security framework that is typical for the majority of low-income countries. The second article discusses in greater depth the link between informal economic and social security in Sub-Saharan Africa.Finally, the third part calls for a global approach to social security. To this end, the first article in this section outlines a possible strategy for a generalised social protection at the global level based on the human damage theory while the last chapter of this work is concerned with the international legal instruments most appropriate for a better substantive and procedural protection of social security as a basic human right.

The term globalization has gained widespread popularity; yet most treatments are either descriptive and/or focused on changes in economic interconnectivity. In this volume the concept is seen in broader terms as leading international experts from a range of disciplines develop a long-term analysis to address the problems of globalization. The editors and contributors develop a framework for understanding the origins and trajectory of contemporary world trends, constructing testable and verifiable models of globalization. They demonstrate how the evolutionary approach allows us to view globalization as an enterprise of the human species as a whole focusing on the analytical problem of global change and the rules governing those changes. The emphasis is not on broad-based accounts of the course of world affairs but, selectively, on processes that reshape the social of the human species, the making of world opinion and the innovations that animate these developments. Chapters are clustered into four foci. One emphasizes the interpretation of globalization as an explicitly evolutionary process. A second looks at historical sequences of such phenomena as population growth or imperial rise and decline as processes that can be modeled and not purely described. The third cluster examines ongoing changes in economic processes, especially information technology. A final cluster takes on some of the challenges associated with forecasting and simulating the complexities of globalization processes. This innovative and important volume will be of interest to students and scholars across the social sciences concerned with the phenomenon of globalization.

This 14th volume in the 24-volume book series sets out to explore the interrelationship between ideology, the state, and education reforms, placing it in a global context. It examines some of the major education reforms and policy issues in a global culture, particularly in the light of recent shifts in accountability, quality and standards-driven education, and policy research. By doing so, it provides a comprehensive picture of the intersecting and diverse discourses of globalisation and policy-driven reforms in education. The book draws upon recent studies in the areas of globalisation, equality, and the role of the state. It explores conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches applicable in the research covering the state, globalisation, and education reforms. It critiques the neo-liberal ideological imperatives of current education and policy reforms, and illustrates the way that shifts in the relationship between the state and education policy affect current trends in education reforms and schooling globally. Individual chapters critically assess the dominant discourses and debates on education and policy reforms. Using diverse comparative education paradigms from critical theory to historical-comparative research, the chapters focus on globalisation, ideology and democracy and examine both the reasons and outcomes of education reforms and policy change. They provide an informed critique of models of accountability, quality and standards-driven education reforms that are informed by Western dominant ideologies and social values. The book also draws upon recent studies in the areas of equity, cultural capital and dominant ideologies in education.

People around the globe are more connected to each other than ever before. Information and money flow more quickly than ever. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available to the rest of the world. International travel is more frequent. International communication is commonplace. This phenomenon has been titled globalisation. The Era of Globalisation is fast becoming the preferred term for describing the current times. Just as the Depression, the Cold War Era, the Space Age, and the Roaring 20's are used to describe particular periods of history, globalisation describes the political, economic, and cultural atmosphere of today. While some people think of globalisation as primarily a synonym for global business, it is much more than that. not exist also allow social activists, labour organisers, journalists, academics, and many others to work on a global stage. This book brings together a wide range of expertise addressing these issues from the perspective of authors from around the world. Contents: Preface; From Westernisation to the Whirl of Globality: Conceptualising Globalisation and its Effects on Local Societies; Globalisation and Competitiveness: A Comparative Analysis of Selected Developing Countries vs. Industrial Countries; Globalisation, Marginalisation and Growth in Emerging Market Economies; Globalisation of Real Estate Markets and Urban Development in Central Europe; The Challenges of Globalisation: The Role of the World Bank; The Meaning and Limitation of Public Life under Global Capitalism; Violence and State (Re)Formation in the African Context: Global and Local Aspects of Crisis and Change; State Ideology, Global Economy and Coping Strategies; Index.