At the end of the Mexican Revolution in 1920, Mexico's large, rebellious army dominated national politics. By the 1940s, Mexico's Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was led by a civilian president and claimed to have depoliticized the army and achieved the bloodless pacification of the Mexican countryside through land reform, schooling, and indigenismo. However, historian Thomas Rath argues, Mexico's celebrated demilitarization was more protracted, conflict-ridden, and incomplete than most accounts assume. Civilian governments deployed troops as a police force, often aimed at political suppression, while officers meddled in provincial politics, engaged in corruption, and crafted official history, all against a backdrop of sustained popular protest and debate. Using newly available materials from military, intelligence, and diplomatic archives, Rath weaves together an analysis of national and regional politics, military education, conscription, veteran policy, and popular protest. In doing so, he challenges dominant interpretations of successful, top-down demilitarization and questions the image of the post-1940 PRI regime as strong, stable, and legitimate. Rath also shows how the army's suppression of students and guerrillas in the 1960s and 1970s and the more recent militarization of policing have long roots in Mexican history.

This timely study examines the processes by which modern states are created within multiethnic societies. How are national identities forged from countries made up of peoples with different and often conflicting cultures, languages, and histories? How successful is this process? What is lost and gained from the emergence of national identities? Natividad Gutiérrez examines the development of the modern Mexican state to address these difficult questions. She describes how Mexican national identity has been and is being created and evaluates the effectiveness of that process of state-building. Her investigation is distinguished by a critical consideration of cross-cultural theories of nationalism and the illuminating use of a broad range of data from Mexican culture and history, including interviews with contemporary indigenous intellectuals and students, an analysis of public-school textbooks, and information gathered from indigenous organizations. Gutiérrez argues that the modern Mexican state is buttressed by pervasive nationalist myths of foundation, descent, and heroism. These myths--expressed and reinforced through the manipulation of symbols, public education, and political discourse--downplay separate ethnic identities and work together to articulate an overriding nationalist ideology. The ideology girding the Mexican state has not been entirely successful, however. This study reveals that indigenous intellectuals and students are troubled by the relationship between their nationalist and ethnic identities and are increasingly questioning official policies of integration.

Cowboy politics is in. When George W. Bush announced a new American policy of pre-emptive attack against potential enemies in 2002, he ushered in the triumph of Texas values over the American agenda. This book traces in lucid and engaging style the fascinating influence of the Texas warrior culture from the Alamo to the present day. This is not a history of Texas, but much Texas history is entwined with American national politics. This book locates such diverse phenomena as Cold War politics, the Kennedy assassination, U.S.-Mexican immigration policies, Texas death penalty practices, and recent U.S. Middle East policy in the context of this Alamo attitude. While the Texas influence has always been strong, and has ebbed and flowed, never has it been stronger, especially as a guiding force in American foreign policy. Today, people around the world perceive this Manifest Destiny swaggering style in our foreign policy. Because of its sheer size, its border wars with Mexico, its ten-year history as an independent republic, and its having been settled by a warrior culture originating in the English-Scottish borderlands and arriving in Texas via the southern Appalachians, Texas is unique in American politics. The author does not assert that Texas causes, or is the sole cause of, our various policies or of so many violent events. Rather, he demonstrates convincingly that the Texas warrior culture provides a fascinating context for national politics in a way that no other state's political culture can claim.

The Myths of Mexico & Peru is a detailed study on the history and mythology of ancient Aztecs and Incas, providing valuable information to allow understanding into the background of Latin American heritage. The book includes tales of the myths of creations, legends of numerous Mesoamerican Gods, such as Quetzalcoatl, Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli, and many other interesting folk tales of the ancient tribes of Mexico and Peru.

CHAPTER FOUR: Carlos Salinas and Mexico's New Era of Solidarity and Concertación -- SNAPSHOT FIVE: ¡Ya basta! -- CHAPTER FIVE: Land, Liberty, and the Mestizo Nation -- SNAPSHOT SIX: Mexico 2010: Let's Celebrate -- CHAPTER SIX: A New Revolution? -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX -- Back Cover

In 'The Mythology of Mayas, Aztecs and Incas' by Lewis Spence, readers are taken on a captivating exploration of the intricate belief systems and mythical tales of these ancient Mesoamerican civilizations. Spence delves into the rich tapestry of gods, heroes, and cosmological narratives that shaped the spiritual outlook of the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas. His scholarly approach not only provides a comprehensive overview of the mythologies but also offers insights into the cultural and historical contexts that influenced them. Written in a lucid and engaging style, this book serves as an indispensable guide to understanding the symbolic universe of these fascinating civilizations. Spence skillfully weaves together archaeological evidence, historical accounts, and comparative analysis to unravel the complex mythological traditions of the Mayas, Aztecs, and Incas. Lewis Spence, a renowned Scottish folklorist and scholar of mythology, brings his expertise to bear in this illuminating study. His passion for unearthing the hidden meanings behind ancient myths shines through in the meticulous research and meticulous attention to detail displayed in this work. Whether you are a student of Mesoamerican cultures, a mythology enthusiast, or simply a curious reader seeking to dive into the mysteries of the past, 'The Mythology of Mayas, Aztecs and Incas' is a must-read that will enrich your understanding of these enigmatic civilizations.

In sixteen landmark essays Anthony F. C. Wallace illuminates the interconnections between cognition and culture and the formative social conditions of the modern world. Probing the psychological reality (or realities) of culture, Wallace offers incisive analyses of the cognitive foundations of kinship terms and the ability of cultures, past and present, to process complexity. He also examines whether beavers have a culture and reveals how the mazeway of modern American culture equips and enables a routine drive to work. In the volume?s second section, Wallace interrogates the consequences of revolutionary changes in labor, technology, and society in the modern world. A series of essays details the multifaceted, pervasive impact of the Industrial Revolution on the coal-mining communities of Rockdale and Saint Clair, Pennsylvania. He also considers the implications of the disaster-prone coal-mining industry for risky technological enterprises today, such as nuclear power plants. An in-depth comparison between the administrative structures of a modern university and Iroquois-Seneca leadership rounds out this volume.

These plays represent Sterling Houston's themes and styles. High Yellow Rose deflates the Alamo myth by casting the heroes as women. Isis in Nubia sets the Isis/Osiris myth in West Africa. Black Lily and White Lily is a domestic drama exploring racial tensions. Miranda Rites enacts Martha Mitchell's last days in hospital.