The Impulse Behind The Study In Hand Was The Longing To Find Adequate Answers To Certain Vital Questions What Exactly Does Sikhism Stand For? Why Was It Originated And Developed By Guru Nanak And His Nine Successors? How Did It Strike Roots Among People? What Institutions And Structures The Gurus Evolved To Highlight And Escalate It? What Type Of Praxis Of Man And Society Gurus Visualized? How Was It Different From Contemporary Religious Systems Islam, Hinduism, Sahajyana, Buddhism, Nathism, Bhakti System Etc.? Was It A Synthesis Of Different Traits Of Different Religions? Was It A Syncretism Of Hindu And Muslim Cultures Or Was It An Independent System? Did Sikhism Purport To Design To Raise Itself On Premises Different From The Ones Which Formed The Foundations Of Hindu Or Other Societies? Was It Merely Reformist Movement Aiming At Certain Targets Within Time And Space Or A Distinct Spirito-Social Process To Urge The People To March Towards Integrated Development Both At Micro And Macro Levels? What Was The True Nature Of Supreme Reality As Conceived By The Gurus? How Is This Related With The Universe Including Man And How Does It Permeate, Pervade And Operate The Whole Universe? What Type Of Society Conforms To God S Will And How Was Its Consummation Possible? Which Models Of Polity And Social Edifice Were Recommended By The Gurus? Is Sikhism A Life-Affirming Dispensation Or Life-Negating Philosophy? Why Was Structural Bonding Of Religion And Politics Effected And Institutionalised? What Is The Place Of Sikhism In The Comity Of Religions And How It Is Relevant To Challenges Of The Present-Day World? Such Questions And A Lot More Being Vital And Crucial For The Understanding Of The Role Of Gurus And Their Dispensation, Have Been Fully Taken Cognizance Of In The Present Study.

Jats, Rajputs, Ahirs, Gujjars, Baloches And Pathans Are The Descendants Of Foreign Nomadic Tribes Such As Scythians, Ahiras, Huns, Yueh-Ches, Kushans And Turks Respectively Who Invaded India Frequently From The 7Th Century B.C. These Nomadic Tribes Were The Inhabitants Of Siberia, Eastern Europe And Western China. They Entered India As Invaders But Ultimately, They Assimilated Into The Indian Civilization, Embraced Its Religions And Settled Peacefully In India.Most Of The Anthropologists Who Have Written About The Dynastic Histories Of The People Of Panjab Have Not Included The Accounts Of Scheduled Castes Dalits, Harijans, Etc. Despite The Fact That They Are Also The Descendants Of The Invading Hordes Like The Other People Of India, And Have The Same Characteristics Of So-Called Privileged Classes. After The Achievement Of India S Independence They Started Enjoying Equal Rights In Every Sphere Of Life. Some Of Them Have Gone Ahead Of Their Fellows In Various Fields Politics, Education, Sports, Judiciary, Etc. And Have Produced Famous Personalities Like Baba Saheb Ambedkar, K.R. Narayanan And Many Others.Primarily Endogamous Communities, Calling Themselves As Jatt, Jat, Getae Or Zutt, Lived Predominantly In Large Parts Of Northern And North-Western India And In Southern And Eastern Parts, Now In Pakistan. They Were Either Sedentic Farmers Or Nomadic Pastoralists.The Book Brings Forth Various Facets Of Origins And History Of All These Classes. References And Text Have Been Painstakingly Collected From Various Authentic Sources. It Will Be Highly Useful For Students, Teachers Of History And Sociology And Researchers In Those Fields. Common Readers Interested In Knowing About The Origins And History Of Jats And Other Nomadic Tribes Of India Will Also Find It Interesting And Informative.

History is full of people who have claimed they came from God or bore messages from God, such as Confucius, Buddha, Bahaullah, Muhammed, Jesus, and many others. Buddhists believe in the wheel of reincarnation to reach nirvana or nothingness. Hindus believe God reveals Himself through various avatars. Muslims believe Muhammed is the final prophet and Jesus is not the Son of God. Orthodox Jews deny Jesus as the Messiah. Christians believe Jesus fulfilled the Messianic prophecies and is the Son of God. Atheists deny God’s existence altogether! These belief systems cannot all be true, so how can we know who is telling the truth? Promoting religious literacy is crucial to addressing the devastating impact of false religions. Religious literacy enables individuals to critically evaluate different belief systems, recognize the signs of manipulation, and differentiate between genuine spiritual teachings and false ideologies. Find out how to determine whether there is a God and which faith is telling the truth in this book, which applies a litmus test to seek God’s revelation to humanity through His prophets and prophecies.

The Impulse Behind The Study In Hand Was The Longing To Find Adequate Answers To Certain Vital Questions What Exactly Does Sikhism Stand For? Why Was It Originated And Developed By Guru Nanak And His Nine Successors? How Did It Strike Roots Among People? What Institutions And Structures The Gurus Evolved To Highlight And Escalate It? What Type Of Praxis Of Man And Society Gurus Visualized? How Was It Different From Contemporary Religious Systems Islam, Hinduism, Sahajyana, Buddhism, Nathism, Bhakti System Etc.? Was It A Synthesis Of Different Traits Of Different Religions? Was It A Syncretism Of Hindu And Muslim Cultures Or Was It An Independent System? Did Sikhism Purport To Design To Raise Itself On Premises Different From The Ones Which Formed The Foundations Of Hindu Or Other Societies? Was It Merely Reformist Movement Aiming At Certain Targets Within Time And Space Or A Distinct Spirito-Social Process To Urge The People To March Towards Integrated Development Both At Micro And Macro Levels? What Was The True Nature Of Supreme Reality As Conceived By The Gurus? How Is This Related With The Universe Including Man And How Does It Permeate, Pervade And Operate The Whole Universe? What Type Of Society Conforms To God S Will And How Was Its Consummation Possible? Which Models Of Polity And Social Edifice Were Recommended By The Gurus? Is Sikhism A Life-Affirming Dispensation Or Life-Negating Philosophy? Why Was Structural Bonding Of Religion And Politics Effected And Institutionalised? What Is The Place Of Sikhism In The Comity Of Religions And How It Is Relevant To Challenges Of The Present-Day World? Such Questions And A Lot More Being Vital And Crucial For The Understanding Of The Role Of Gurus And Their Dispensation, Have Been Fully Taken Cognizance Of In The Present Study.

The Book Is An Academic Endeavour On A Variety Of Themes Encompassing History, Society, Religions, Vedas, Upanishads And Epics. It Also Studies The Movements Led By Various Personalities Enjoying Places Of Prominence In Their Respective Fields.Besides The Major Tenets Of Different Religions, The Book Discusses More Than Thirty Philosophies Representing Various Shades Of Thought Classified Into Five Broad Categories: (I) Saddarsanas Or Six Visions, Inspired By The Vedas, Are Independent In Approach And Argument Though Not Isolated From One Another; (Ii) Sramanas (Strivers) Philosophies Emerged In The 6Th Century Bc. Their Proponents Were, By And Large, Empiricists Who Used Experience And Observation As A Source Of Knowledge; (Iii) The Modern Philosophies In Hindusim Emanated From The Movements Of Revival Of This Religion Through Reformist Organisations Like Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, And Theosophical Society, Etc.; (Iv) The Upanishadic Philosophies Mainly Revolve Around The Concepts Of Self The Individual, And Absolute God Almighty; (V) Finally, The Philosophies Of Different Religions Are Based On Faith And Practices Propounded By Their Respective Founders Or Their Successors.This Elaborate Study Is Structured In Two Volumes Each Consisting Of A Number Of Parts That Include Chapters On Different Themes. Volume I Makes A Detailed Discussion On India, Going In-Depth Into The Name, Basic Characteristics, Geography, History, Civilization, Etc. It Effectively Unveils India S Identity As A Nation Along With Its Historical Realities, Socio-Culture Features And Contribution To The World At Large In Spiritual Pursuits. Volume Ii Is A Self-Contained Comparative Study Of Hinduism And Christianity Accentuating The Doctrinal Issues Which Mark The Points Of Accord And Possible Discords In The Cordiality And Mutuality Of These Two Great Religions. Annexures Given In The End Constitute An Integral Part Of This Volume And Will Provide Useful Study-Aids To The Readers.The Book Will Be Useful To Students, Teachers, Religious Preachers, Educationists, And All Those Who Aspire To Enhance Their Knowledge On India S History, Religion And Spiritual Philosophy.

The Book Deals With All Aspects Of Historiography. In This Book The Chapterisation Is Clearly Made So As To Indicate The Meaning, Scope And Value Of History In An Exemplary Manner. In The Middle Of The Book Ancient, Medieval And Modern Historiography Have Been Discussed In Detail In Chronological Order. Moreover, The Chapter On Western Historians Provides An Opportunity To Know Their Contribution To Historiography. The Book Is Written In A Simple And Lucid Style So As To Meet The Requirements Of The Students And The Common Readers. The Last Chapter Of This Book Research In History Is Very Useful To The Research Students. No Wonder It Serves As A Guide To The Research Scholars Not Only In This Discipline But Also In Other Disciplines.

Heidegger S Way Of Thinking Has Left A Rich Legacy For Post-Modern Philosophers, Particularly For Jacques Derrida Who Has Greatly Influenced Philosophy And Literature In The Modern Times.Derrida, Like His Mentor Heidegger, Understands That In The Western Philosophy, The Meaning Of Being Has Been Determined By Metaphysics Of Presence. However, Unlike Heidegger, Derrida Does Not Begin His Philosophical Career With A Question On Being. Nor Does He Take Up Philosophical Positions Traditional Or Otherwise.The Purpose Of The Present Study Is The Critical Evaluation Of Derrida S Claim That He Deconstructed One Of Heidegger S Most Important Essays The Origin Of The Work Of Art By Which He Tries To Overcome The Metaphysics Of Presence.The Book Presents An In-Depth Analysis Of Heidegger S Question Of The Meaning Of Being, And Derrida S Critique Of Western Logocentrism And His Philosophy Of Deconstruction. It Delves Into The Origin Of The Truth Of The Work Of Art Studying The Essence Of Thing, Equipment And Work Of Art, As Philosophised By Heidegger. It Discusses Truth As The Strife, Taking Originary Strife As The Essence Of The Meaning Of Being. It Also Includes Derrida S Criticism Of The Restitution Of The Truth Of The Work Of Art, And An Evaluation Of The Differential Structure Of The Truth Of The Painting As A Work Of Art. A Comparative Study Of The Philosophies Of Heidegger And Derrida Has Been Given Under Non-Originary Origin Of Truth And Difference As The Origin .References Have Been Given At The End Of Each Chapter To Facilitate Easy Understanding Of The Concepts Discussed In The Text. Besides, There Is A Comprehensive Bibliography Giving Primary As Well As Secondary Sources From Which The Book Has Drawn. The Book Shall Be Highly Useful To The Students And Teachers Of Philosophy, Theology, Metaphysics And The Researchers In These Fields.

The Book Is An Academic Endeavour On A Variety Of Themes Encompassing History, Society, Religions, Vedas, Upanishads And Epics. It Also Studies The Movements Led By Various Personalities Enjoying Places Of Prominence In Their Respective Fields.Besides The Major Tenets Of Different Religions, The Book Discusses More Than Thirty Philosophies Representing Various Shades Of Thought Classified Into Five Broad Categories: (I) Saddarsanas Or Six Visions, Inspired By The Vedas, Are Independent In Approach And Argument Though Not Isolated From One Another; (Ii) Sramanas (Strivers) Philosophies Emerged In The 6Th Century Bc. Their Proponents Were, By And Large, Empiricists Who Used Experience And Observation As A Source Of Knowledge; (Iii) The Modern Philosophies In Hindusim Emanated From The Movements Of Revival Of This Religion Through Reformist Organisations Like Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, And Theosophical Society, Etc.; (Iv) The Upanishadic Philosophies Mainly Revolve Around The Concepts Of Self The Individual, And Absolute God Almighty; (V) Finally, The Philosophies Of Different Religions Are Based On Faith And Practices Propounded By Their Respective Founders Or Their Successors.This Elaborate Study Is Structured In Two Volumes Each Consisting Of A Number Of Parts That Include Chapters On Different Themes. Volume I Makes A Detailed Discussion On India, Going In-Depth Into The Name, Basic Characteristics, Geography, History, Civilization, Etc. It Effectively Unveils India S Identity As A Nation Along With Its Historical Realities, Socio-Culture Features And Contribution To The World At Large In Spiritual Pursuits. Volume Ii Is A Self-Contained Comparative Study Of Hinduism And Christianity Accentuating The Doctrinal Issues Which Mark The Points Of Accord And Possible Discords In The Cordiality And Mutuality Of These Two Great Religions. Annexures Given In The End Constitute An Integral Part Of This Volume And Will Provide Useful Study-Aids To The Readers.The Book Will Be Useful To Students, Teachers, Religious Preachers, Educationists, And All Those Who Aspire To Enhance Their Knowledge On India S History, Religion And Spiritual Philosophy.

For a proper understanding of India s economy as we find today with its fast development, a study of its past economic conditions is necessary. India s economic history spans nearly 5000 years and dates back to Indus Valley Civilisation the two prominent cities of which Mohanjodaro and Harappa were big industrial centres having trade relations with West Asia and other parts of the world. Several sources provide us valuable information about the economic condition of the people of India at various stages of history. From Vedic literature we get a detailed description of the economic life of the Aryans. The Buddhist literature, particularly Jatakas and Tripitaka give us a glimpse of the economic condition of India from 650 to 321 B.C. when every village was a self-sufficient unit. Kautilya s Arthasastra, Magasthenes Indica and Vishakhadatta s Mudrarakshasa give detailed description of the economic systems of the Mauryan period. The accounts of Chinese travellers Fa-hien and It-sing are remarkable evidences of the socio-economic life in Gupta period. Historians like Manucci tell us about the economic reforms undertaken during Mughal rule in India. The British who carved out their empire in India in the 17th century, drained India of its wealth, destroyed the self-sufficient character of villages, increased agricultural indebtedness, and gave rise to a capitalist class in India with the growth of new urban centres. After the achievement of independence in 1947 started the process of nation-building through economic planning. With the liberalisation of Indian economy in the 1990s, the country has been put on a high growth path and is making fast economic progress. The book captures the salient features of India s economic history in chronological order. It will fulfil the needs of students and teachers of this subject and prove immensely useful to the aspirants of Civil Services and other competitive examinations.