While logical principles seem timeless, placeless, and eternal, their discovery is a story of personal accidents, political tragedies, and broad social change. If A, Then B begins with logic's emergence twenty-three centuries ago and tracks its expansion as a discipline ever since. It explores where our sense of logic comes from and what it really is a sense of. It also explains what drove human beings to start studying logic in the first place. Logic is more than the work of logicians alone. Its discoveries have survived only because logicians have also been able to find a willing audience, and audiences are a consequence of social forces affecting large numbers of people, quite apart from individual will. This study therefore treats politics, economics, technology, and geography as fundamental factors in generating an audience for logic—grounding the discipline's abstract principles in a compelling material narrative. The authors explain the turbulent times of the enigmatic Aristotle, the ancient Stoic Chrysippus, the medieval theologian Peter Abelard, and the modern thinkers René Descartes, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, John Stuart Mill, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and Alan Turing. Examining a variety of mysteries, such as why so many branches of logic (syllogistic, Stoic, inductive, and symbolic) have arisen only in particular places and periods, If A, Then B is the first book to situate the history of logic within the movements of a larger social world. If A, Then B is the 2013 Gold Medal winner of Foreword Reviews' IndieFab Book of the Year Award for Philosophy.

In the long history of philosophy and literature, few have been so widely read and admired as the great thinkers of Greece and Rome. For modern audiences, this eBook bundle—which collects the Modern Library editions of three classics: Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations, Selected Dialogues of Plato, and The Basic Works of Aristotle—is the perfect introduction to the foundation of modern knowledge. Accompanied by insightful, accessible commentary from some of today’s top scholars, including Gregory Hays, Hayden Pelliccia, and C.D.C. Reeve, this is a collection of ideas that changed the world—and have truly stood the test of time. MEDITATIONS Marcus Aurelius succeeded his adoptive father as emperor of Rome in A.D. 161—and Meditations remains one of the greatest works of spiritual and ethical reflection ever written. The Meditations have become required reading for statesmen and philosophers alike, while generations of readers have responded to the straightforward intimacy of the leader’s style. In Gregory Hays’s seminal translation, Marcus’s thoughts speak with a new immediacy: Never before have they been so directly and powerfully presented. SELECTED DIALOGUES OF PLATO In this volume, Hayden Pelliccia has revised five of Benjamin Jowett’s translations of Plato—classics in their own right—to produce a fresh, modern take that Library Journal calls “a needed and welcome addition to the translations of the Dialogues.” Here are Ion, Protagoras, Phaedrus, and the famous Symposium, which discuss poetry, the Socratic method, rhetoric, psychology, and love. Most dramatically, Apology puts Socrates’ art of persuasion to the ultimate test—defending his own life. THE BASIC WORKS OF ARISTOTLE Preserved by Arabic mathematicians and canonized by Christian scholars, Aristotle’s works have shaped Western thought, science, and religion for nearly two thousand years—and Richard McKeon’s edition has long been considered the best available one-volume Aristotle. Here are selections from the Organon, On the Heavens, The Short Physical Treatises, Rhetoric, among others, and On the Soul, On Generation and Corruption, Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, and Poetics in their entirety.

This book leads readers through a progressive explanation of what mathematical proofs are, why they are important, and how they work, along with a presentation of basic techniques used to construct proofs. The Second Edition presents more examples, more exercises, a more complete treatment of mathematical induction and set theory, and it incorporates suggestions from students and colleagues. Since the mathematical concepts used are relatively elementary, the book can be used as a supplement in any post-calculus course. This title has been successfully class-tested for years. There is an index for easier reference, a more extensive list of definitions and concepts, and an updated bibliography. An extensive collection of exercises with complete answers are provided, enabling students to practice on their own. Additionally, there is a set of problems without solutions to make it easier for instructors to prepare homework assignments. * Successfully class-tested over a number of years * Index for easy reference * Extensive list of definitions and concepts * Updated biblography

This book offers a comprehensive account of logic that addresses fundamental issues concerning the nature and foundations of the discipline. The authors claim that these foundations can not only be established without the need for strong metaphysical assumptions, but also without hypostasizing logical forms as specific entities. They present a systematic argument that the primary subject matter of logic is our linguistic interaction rather than our private reasoning and it is thus misleading to see logic as revealing "the laws of thought". In this sense, fundamental logical laws are implicit to our "language games" and are thus more similar to social norms than to the laws of nature. Peregrin and Svoboda also show that logical theories, despite the fact that they rely on rules implicit to our actual linguistic practice, firm up these rules and make them explicit. By carefully scrutinizing the project of logical analysis, the authors demonstrate that logical rules can be best seen as products of the so called reflective equilibrium. They suggest that we can profit from viewing languages as "inferential landscapes" and logicians as "geographers" who map them and try to pave safe routes through them. This book is an essential resource for scholars and researchers engaged with the foundations of logical theories and the philosophy of language.

P.D. Magnus's book 'Forallx - An Introduction to Formal Logic' is a comprehensive guide to the fundamentals of formal logic. Written in a clear and accessible manner, the book covers topics such as propositional logic, predicate logic, and proofs. Magnus's writing style is concise yet engaging, making complex concepts easy to understand for readers of all levels. The book is a valuable resource for students and scholars alike, providing a solid foundation in logical reasoning and argumentation. Situating itself within the broader context of philosophical inquiry, 'Forallx' offers a rigorous introduction to the principles of logic. Magnus's expertise in the field shines through in his meticulous explanations and examples, making this book an essential read for anyone interested in sharpening their critical thinking skills. Whether you are a beginner looking to learn the basics of formal logic or a seasoned scholar seeking to deepen your understanding, 'Forallx' is sure to be a valuable addition to your library.

This book, by one of the pre-eminent philosophers of science writing today, offers the most comprehensive account available of causal asymmetries. Causation is asymmetrical in many different ways. Causes precede effects; explanations cite causes not effects. Agents use causes to manipulate their effects; they don't use effects to manipulate their causes. Effects of a common cause are correlated; causes of a common effect are not. This book explains why a relationship that is asymmetrical in one of these regards is asymmetrical in the others. Hausman discovers surprising hidden connections between theories of causation and traces them all to an asymmetry of independence. This is a major book for philosophers of science that will also prove insightful to economists and statisticians.

This text provides a thorough introduction to “modern” or “abstract” algebra at a level suitable for upper-level undergraduates and beginning graduate students. The book addresses the conventional topics: groups, rings, fields, and linear algebra, with symmetry as a unifying theme. This subject matter is central and ubiquitous in modern mathematics and in applications ranging from quantum physics to digital communications. The most important goal of this book is to engage students in the ac- tive practice of mathematics.

The essential reference book on matrices—now fully updated and expanded, with new material on scalar and vector mathematics Since its initial publication, this book has become the essential reference for users of matrices in all branches of engineering, science, and applied mathematics. In this revised and expanded edition, Dennis Bernstein combines extensive material on scalar and vector mathematics with the latest results in matrix theory to make this the most comprehensive, current, and easy-to-use book on the subject. Each chapter describes relevant theoretical background followed by specialized results. Hundreds of identities, inequalities, and facts are stated clearly and rigorously, with cross-references, citations to the literature, and helpful comments. Beginning with preliminaries on sets, logic, relations, and functions, this unique compendium covers all the major topics in matrix theory, such as transformations and decompositions, polynomial matrices, generalized inverses, and norms. Additional topics include graphs, groups, convex functions, polynomials, and linear systems. The book also features a wealth of new material on scalar inequalities, geometry, combinatorics, series, integrals, and more. Now more comprehensive than ever, Scalar, Vector, and Matrix Mathematics includes a detailed list of symbols, a summary of notation and conventions, an extensive bibliography and author index with page references, and an exhaustive subject index. Fully updated and expanded with new material on scalar and vector mathematics Covers the latest results in matrix theory Provides a list of symbols and a summary of conventions for easy and precise use Includes an extensive bibliography with back-referencing plus an author index

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 1. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.), 2. Geometric Progression (G.P.), 3. Harmonic Progression (H.P.), 4. Properties of A. P., G. P. and H. P., 5. Permutation and Combination, 6. Determinants, 7. Matrices, 8. Set Theory, 9. Differentiation, 10. Integration, STATISTICS 1. Measures of Central Tendency : Arithmetic Mean, 2. Median, 3. Mode, 4. Geometric Mean, 5. Harmonic Mean, 6. Analysis of Time Series, 7. Theory of Probability, 8. Interpolation and Extrapolation, Log and Antilog Tables Latest Model Paper Board Examination Paper

Strictly in accordance with the latest syllabus and question pattern prescribed by the Jharkhand Academic Council (JAC), Ranchi for Class XII BUSINESS MATHEMATICS 1. Arithmetic Progression (A.P.), 2. Geometric Progression (G.P.), 3. Harmonic Progression (H.P.), 4. Properties of A. P., G. P. and H. P., 5. Permutation and Combination, 6. Determinants, 7. Matrices, 8. Set Theory, 9. Differentiation, 10. Integration, STATISTICS 1. Measures of Central Tendency : Arithmetic Mean, 2. Median, 3. Mode, 4. Geometric Mean, 5. Harmonic Mean, 6. Analysis of Time Series, 7. Theory of Probability, 8. Interpolation and Extrapolation, Log and Antilog Tables Latest Model Paper Board Examination Paper.