Recent research has revealed the importance of immunological mechanisms and inflammation in delaying damage and/or promoting repair after an acute injury to the central nervous system. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the role of immunological mechanisms and therapies for treating acute neurological injuries such as cerebral ischemia, hemorrhage, and brain and spinal cord trauma. In several sections, the contributing authors provide a review of immunological mechanisms involved in neurological injury and of various translational and clinical research aimed at harnessing those mechanisms for better patient outcomes.​

Mechanisms of brain-immune interactions became a cutting-edge topic in systemic neurosciences over the past years. Acute lesions of the brain parenchyma, particularly, induce a profound and highly complex neuroinflammatory reaction with similar mechanistic properties between differing disease paradigms like ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Resident microglial cells sense tissue damage and initiate inflammation, activation of the endothelial brain-immune interface promotes recruitment of systemic immune cells to the brain and systemic humoral immune mediators (e.g. complements and cytokines) enter the brain through the damaged blood-brain barrier. These cellular and humoral constituents of the neuroinflammatory reaction to brain injury contribute substantially to secondary brain damage and neurodegeneration. Diverse inflammatory cascades such as pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion of invading leukocytes and direct cell-cell-contact cytotoxicity between lymphocytes and neurons have been demonstrated to mediate the inflammatory ‘collateral damage’ in models of acute brain injury. Besides mediating neuronal cell loss and degeneration, secondary inflammatory mechanisms also contribute to functional modulation of neurons and the impact of post-lesional neuroinflammation can even be detected on the behavioral level. The contribution of several specific immune cell subpopulations to the complex orchestration of secondary neuroinflammation has been revealed just recently. However, the differential vulnerability of specific neuronal cell types and the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory neurodegeneration are still elusive. Furthermore, we are only on the verge of characterizing the control of long-term recovery and neuronal plasticity after brain damage by inflammatory pathways. Yet, a more detailed but also comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted interaction of these two supersystems is of direct translational relevance. Immunotherapeutic strategies currently shift to the center of translational research in acute CNS lesion since all clinical trials investigating direct neuroprotective therapies failed. To advance our knowledge on brain-immune communications after brain damage an interdisciplinary approach covered by cellular neuroscience as well as neuroimmunology, brain imaging and behavioral sciences is crucial to thoroughly depict the intricate mechanisms.

The brain is a critical organ with neuro-immune communication. The nervous system and immune system evolved to provide regulation of physiological homeostasis and protect against threats. Neuro-immune communication is correlated with physiological functions of various tissues and organs, and the internal environment balance. In brain trauma, the neural network is destroyed and the neuro-immune communication process is impaired. However, the research on this process is insufficient and limited. A thorough clarification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuro-immune communication in brain injury is an essential necessary endeavor in the search for new therapeutic targets for brain injury. This Research Topic is devoted to the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuro-immune communication in brain injury and on the meaningful exploration of how the nervous system regulates the immune system to promote neurofunctional recovery after brain injury.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers' understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, different treatments, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact early diagnosis and effective management has on the long-term prognosis of these injuries and the lives of those affected. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries. - Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain cord injury - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding - Features chapters on epidemiology and pain - Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury - Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation

With each edition, ACCCN’s Critical Care Nursing has built on its highly respected reputation. Its contributors aim to encourage and challenge practising critical care nurses and students to develop world-class critical care nursing skills in order to ensure delivery of the highest quality care. Endorsed by the Australian College of Critical Care Nurses (ACCCN), this 3rd edition presents the expertise of foremost critical care leaders and features the most recent evidence-based research and up-to-date advances in clinical practice, technology, procedures and standards. Expanded to reflect the universal core elements of critical care nursing practice authors, Aitken, Marshall and Chaboyer, have retained the specific information that captures the unique elements of contemporary critical care nursing in Australia, New Zealand and other similar practice environments. Structured in three sections, ACCCN’s Critical Care Nursing, 3e addresses all aspects of critical care nursing, including patient care and organisational issues, while highlighting some of the unique and complex aspects of specialty critical care nursing practice, such as paediatric considerations, trauma management and organ donation. Presented in three sections: - Scope of Critical Care - Principles and Practice of Critical Care - Speciality Practice Focus on concepts that underpin practice - essential physical, psychological, social and cultural care New case studies elaborate on relevant care issues Practice tips highlight areas of care particularly relevant to daily clinical practice Learning activities support knowledge, reflective learning and understanding Additional case studies with answers available on evolve NEW chapter on Postanaesthesia recovery Revised coverage of metabolic and nutritional considerations for the critically ill patient Aligned with the NEW ACCCN Standards for Practice

With each edition, ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing has built on its highly respected reputation. Its contributors aim to encourage and challenge practising critical care nurses and students to develop world-class critical care nursing skills in order to ensure delivery of the highest quality care. Endorsed by the Australian College of Critical Care Nurses (ACCCN), this 3rd edition presents the expertise of foremost critical care leaders and features the most recent evidence-based research and up-to-date advances in clinical practice, technology, procedures and standards. Expanded to reflect the universal core elements of critical care nursing practice authors, Aitken, Marshall and Chaboyer, have retained the specific information that captures the unique elements of contemporary critical care nursing in Australia, New Zealand and other similar practice environments. Structured in three sections, ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing, 3rd Edition addresses all aspects of critical care nursing, including patient care and organisational issues, while highlighting some of the unique and complex aspects of specialty critical care nursing practice, such as paediatric considerations, trauma management and organ donation. Presented in three sections: - Scope of Critical Care - Principles and Practice of Critical Care - Speciality Practice Focus on concepts that underpin practice - essential physical, psychological, social and cultural care New case studies elaborate on relevant care topics Research vignettes explore a range of topics Practice tips highlight areas of care particularly relevant to daily clinical practice Learning activities support knowledge, reflective learning and understanding Additional case studies with answers available on evolve NEW chapter on Postanaesthesia recovery Revised coverage of metabolic and nutritional considerations for the critically ill patient Aligned with the NEW ACCCN Standards for Practice

Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers' understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, different treatments, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact early diagnosis and effective management has on the long-term prognosis of these injuries and the lives of those affected. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries. Traumatic brain injury has complex etiology and may arise as a consequence of physical abuse, violence, war, vehicle collisions, working in the construction industry, and sports. Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers' understanding of the detailed processes arising from traumatic brain injury. Featuring chapters on neuroinflammation, metabolism, and psychology, this volume discusses the impact of these injuries on neurological and body systems to better understand underlying pathways. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand traumatic brain injury. Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: - Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain cord injury - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding - Features chapters on epidemiology and pain - Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury - Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation Cellular, Molecular, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury: - Summarizes the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury, including cellular and molecular biology - Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding - Features chapters on signaling and hormonal events - Includes plasticity and gene expression - Examines health and stress behaviors after traumatic brain injury